836 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1967 
 
percent was transported by truck, 17 percent by raii, and 8 percent by boat.
The ratio of bulk to paper bag shipments was about 10:1. 
 About 85 percent of the portland cement produced was distributed to firms
manufacturing commercial concrete products, such as ready-mixed concrete
companies (70 percent), concrete product manufacturers (11 percent), and
building material dealers (4 percent). The remaining 15 percent was sold
to highway (9 percent) and other contractors (5 percent), and local government
agencies (1 percent). 
 The Ideal Cement Co. 2.5-million-barrelannual-capacity cement plant at Seattle
started operating in March. The operation, providing centralized manufacturing
facilities with minimum labor requirements, replaced company cement-producing
plants, with combined capacity of about 2 million barrels annually at Spokane
and Grotto, Wash., and at Gold Hill, Oreg. Storage and packing facilities
at the latter plants were converted to distribution terminals later in the
year. Aspects of the plant's operationis were described in severall articles.5

 Waterborne shipment and storage facilities were installed at the Kaiser
Cement & Gypsum Corp. proposed cement-plant site at Seattle. Equipment
was ordered, and cement plant construction was to begin in 1968, with completion
expected late in 1969. Speed in constructing the company distribution terminal
at Seattle was discussed.6 
 Lone Star Cement Corp. announced plans to expand its Seattle plant rather
than construct another plant at Anacortes. 
 
 Clays.—The tonnage of clays sold or used by Washington producers declined
23 percent from the 1966 total, largely because of less output of miscellaneous
clay for heavy clay products (building brick and draintile), and less fire
clay output for use in refractory products. 
 Fire clay was mined from five pits in three counties. International Pipe
& Ceramics Corp. produced firebrick from material dug at the Blum and
Harris pits in King County. Clay dug by the firm from the Mica and Sommer
pits in Spokane County was used for manufacturing fire clay refractories
at the Mica plant. L—D 
Mines, Inc., exported fire clay dug in Douglas County. 
 Miscellaneous clay for making heavy clay products (building brick and vitrified
pipe), and for manufacturing cement came from 14 pits in nine counties. International
Pipe & Ceramics Corp. produced clay for manufacturing building brick
and vitrified pipe from the Palmer and Pit 55 pits (King County), Bliessner
pit (Spokane County), and the Lande pit (Stevens County). Mutual Materials
Co. dug clay for use in making building brick from the Elk and Newcastle
pits (King County) and Clay City pit (Pierce County). Raw material for manufacturing
buildin.g brick also came from operations of Hidden Brick Co. (Clark County),
R.L.F'leshman (Cowlitz County), Chehalis Brick & Tile Co. (Lewis County),
Lowell Brick Co. (Snohomish County), and Lynden Clay Products, Inc. (Whatcom
County). Clay used in manufacturing cement came from pits dug by Ideal Cement
Co. (King and Spokane Counties) and Jim Hoy (Whatcom County). 
 Diatomite.—Procluction of diatomite increased 11 percent over the
1966 total. Keriite Corp. continued to mine and process diatomite in Grant
County. Crude diatomite was trucked 18 miles from a pit southeast of Quincy
to a company plant at Quincy, where it was calcined, ground, sized, and packaged
for shipment. Prepared diatomite was marketed as a filtering aid, as a filler,
and for insulation purposes. 
 Gypsum.—Agro Minerals, Inc., mined gypsite (a mixture of gypsum, quartz,
and clay) from the Poison Lake deposit and processed the material at Tonasket
into material suitable for agricultural purposes. Kaiser Gypsum Co., Inc.,
made building products at Seattle from gypsum mined in Baja California, Mexico.
Some gypsum from the foreign source also was marketed by the company as a
portland-cement retarder. Greenacres Gypsum Co., Spokane, sold gypsum imported
from Canada for agricultural purposes. 
 Ideal Cement Mixer, Seattle Plant. V. 22, No. 2, May 1967, PP. 1—11..

 The Northwest. Ideal Cement Co. Builds its Biggest Kiln in Seattle. Sept.-Oct.
1967, V. 42, No. 4, pp. 3—5. 
 Bergstrom, John H. Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Horsepower. Rock Products,
V. 70, No. 10, October 1967, pp. 74—81. 
 6 Bryan, Lee M. A Silo Complex, and How It Grew. Rock Products, V. 70, No.
10, October 1967, p. 87.