THE UP'SHOT 
over-fished states now depend almost entirely on such man- 
made trout. 
All intergrades of artificiality exist, but as mass-use in- 
creases it tends to push the whole gamut of conservation 
techniques toward the artificial end, and the whole scale of 
trophy-values downward. 
To safeguard this expensive, artificial, and more or less 
helpless trout, the Conservation Commission feels impelled 
to kill all herons and terns visiting the hatchery where it 
was raised, and all mergansers and otters inhabiting the 
stream in which it is released. The fisherman perhaps feels 
no loss in this sacrifice of one kind of wild life for another, 
but the ornithologist is ready to bite off ten-penny nails. 
Artificialized management has, in effect, bought fishing at: 
the expense o another and perhaps higher recreation; it has: 
paid dividends to one citizen out of capital stock belonging, 
to all. The same kind of -biological wildcatting prevails in 
game management. In Europe, where wild-crop statistics 
are available for long periods, we even know the 'rate of 
exchange' of game for predators. Thus, in Saxony one hawk. 
is killed for each seven game birds bagged, and one predator- 
of some kind for each three head of small game. 
Damage to plant life usually follows artificialized manage-. 
ment of animals-for example, damage to forests by deer.. 
One may see this in north Germany, in northeast Pennsyl-- 
vania, in the Kaibab, and in dozens of other less publicized 
regions. In each case over-abundant deer, when deprived of 
their natural enemies, have made it impossible for deer 
food plants to survive or reproduce. Beech, maple, and yew 
in Europe, ground hemlock and white cedar in the eastern 
states, mountain mahogany and cliff-rose in the West, are 
deer foods threatened by artificialized deer. The composi- 
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