NOTES AND COMMENT 
 
 
V. Size of Sanctuaries and Relations to National Parks and Forests 
      i. The reserved areas in the National Parks are possibly too small,
but in any 
            event should be zoned about by (buffer) areas of complete or
partial pro- 
            tection of the roaming animals. These zones of protection for
certain ani- 
            mals would merely restrict occasional control measures to definite
territory. 
      2. The forested natural areas in the National Forests are many of them
too small 
            and should be enlarged in some cases, but must in all cases be
surrounded 
            by zones of complete or partial protection for the large roaming
animals. 
      3. Areas should not be fenced against any of the larger native animals,
as their 
            presence is necessary to make the conditions natural as regards
vegetation, 
            etc. 
      4. The Nature Sanctuary should be protected from fire, exotic organisms
and dis- 
            eases through management and preventive measures within the buffer
area. 
      5. Size. The basis for size is purely biological and must be determined
by bio- 
             logical conditions. The aims are (I) to preserve all the animals
(birds, 
             mammals and lower forms) native in the area and leave them to
reproduce 
             within the sanctuary entirely unmodified, and (2) to prevent
tramping and 
             other injury to the vegetation by man. The animals have to receive
pri- 
             mary attention, but vegetation types must also be represented.
Two types 
             of sanctuary seem possible: i. First class sanctuaries in which
wolves, 
             mountain lions, bob-cats, coyotes, and migratory game are to
be protected, 
             and 2. Second class sanctuaries in areas where these animals
have been ex- 
             terminated or never existed (especially in the smaller parks
and forests). 
 (i) First Class Sanctuaries and Buffer Zones for Animals 
    The animals requiring first and most careful consideration are the carnivores,
likely 
to be unpopular with the agricultural (broad sense including game culture)
interests 
outside the park or forest. 
    The home range of these animals must be considered. That of the wolf
is said to be 
50 miles, the coyote 20 miles, the bob-cat I0 miles, and the mountain lion
20 miles. These 
animals are slated for general extermination by some sportsmen and can be
held un- 
molested only in areas within the larger well-buffered parks or remote wilderness
areas 
of the national forests. 
    A second group demanding careful study is the migratory herbivores. These
in 
combination with the carnivores (wolf, bob-cat and puma) will give most of
the diffi- 
culty in selecting nature sanctuaries. Each sanctuary will constitute a problem
in itself. 
    The terrain must be selected with great care wherever choice is possible
so as to be 
about equally favorable to all the native species. The area should also meet
with approval 
as a plant ecological reserve. Areas suitable for all the larger animals
should be selected 
in the large parks, notably McKinley, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon,
Rainier, 
etc., in the United States and Mt. Robson, Jasper, Rocky Mt., Strathcona,
Algonquin, 
Quetico, etc., in Canada. 
    In so far as possible natural topography should be utilized to bound
areas. Places 
remote from tourist travel without approach by roads or trails may be suitable
without 
guards, but frequently some kind of guarding will be necessary. Each area
will prove 
different in the problems encountered. 
    The sanctuaries may well be surrounded by areas in which there is some
visitation by 
a limited number of persons; each park will again be a special problem. 
(2) Second and Third Class Sanctuaries 
     The same principles hold for the smaller sanctuaries as for the large
ones, but the 
problems are much less difficult, because the larger animals cannot be given
any special 
attention. They may be established in parks and forests of various types,
but within the 
 
 
April, 1933 
 
 
244