MANGANESE AND MANGANIFEROUS ORES 247

grade ore are quoted on a per-ton basis, with a minimum requirement of manganese
dioxide.
 According to the Engineering and Mining Journal the trend of
prices for imported metallurgical grade ore (quotations given per long-
ton unit of manganese, c.i.f. North Atlantic ports, exclusive of duty)
were as follows during 1932~
 Brazilian ore containing 46 to 48 percent manganese, whi~h was quoted at
23 cents at the beginning of the year, dropped to 21 centsin the latter part
of February. Further declines in June and July brought the price down to
18 cents, where it remained for the rest of the year.
 Indian ore containing 48 to 50 percent manganese opened the year at 25 to
26 cents but dropped to 24 cents in the latter part of February. At the end
of March the price dropped to 23 cents and was given at 23 to 24 cents until
the end of June, when a drop to 22 cents was noted. The price showed further
weakness and was quoted at 20 to 21 cents when the year ended.
 Caucasian (Russian) ore containing 52 to. 55 percent manganese, which was
quoted at 26 cents at the beginning of the year, dropped to 24 cents at the
end of February, dropped further to 23 cents at the end of June, and was:quoted
at 22 cents at the end of December.
 Prices of Chilean ore containing a minimum of 47 percent manganese opened
the year at 29 cents and declined to 24 cents in Feburary; a further decline
brought the price down to 20 cents for the later months.
 The price of South African ore containing 52 to 54 percent manganese was
23 to 25' cents at the beginning of the year but declined to 22 to 23. cents
in May, where it remained until late in December, ~hen it was quoted at 20
to 21 ce~its. Second-grade ore containing 50 to 52 percent manganese was
quoted at 1 cent per unit lower than first-grade. Lower-grade material (44
to 46 percent manganese) was quoted at 2134 cents at the beginning of the
year, but decreases brought the quotations down to 18 and 19 cents at the
close of the year.
 According to the Engineering and Mining Journal the trend of prices per
long ton for chemical (battery) ores was as follows during 1932: Domestic
chemical ores containing 70 to 72 percent manganese dioxide were quoted~
at $43 to $50 a ton in carload lots during the~ year. Imported chemical ores,
containing a minimum of 80 to 85 percent manganese dioxide, were quoted at
$50 to $60 a ton throughout the year. ,

CONSUMPTION OF MANGANIFEROUS RAW MATERIALS

 The manufacturing industries in the United States that consume manganese
ore fallinto three main groups: The metallurgical industry, the battery industry,
and miscellaneous industries. The first, group consumes by far the largest
quantity, whereas the third group has little importance when the, total consumption
of manganese ore is considered but has significance. to the. small producers
of specialty ores. , .,
 Steel production, the principal use of manganese ore, was lower in
1932 than in any year since 1901, and steel plants operated at only
19 percent of the available capacity. The greatly reduced activities
in steel manufacture, coupled with the curtailment in other outlets,
caused a severe drop in the consumption of all grades of manganese