THE WISCONSIN FARMER.    1038



nor does it always kill the young shoots, but



  more apparent on the trunk and large broache
    The frozen sap seems to coagulate and is r,
  tained in the liber or inner bark, which soc
  turns dark colored, but the tree generally shov
  no outward sign of decay until warm weathe
  of the following spring. Then the bark ofte
  becomes colored through, and rapid decay c
  root and branch soon follows.
  This blight does not always affect the whol
  tree; sometimes only in spots, upon trunk an
  limbs. Such spots shrivel and dry up withou
  permanent damage to the tree, but there is oft
  en a superabundance of sap at the point o
  junction of limbs, which when thus frozen i
  very apt to injure permanently the tree. It ii
  well known that undigested, acrid food fron
  the human stomach introduced into the blood,
  rapidly contaminates and poisons the wholE
  system. Precisely so this diseased sap, if car.
downward and inward in the course of the
regular circulation, will poison the trunk and
root and induce decay.
   Having briefly pointed out the causes and
effects of this wide spreading and truly disas-
trous evil, we will next indicate the remedy.
Here the 'prevention better than cure " is pe-
culiarly apt.
  Omitting to describe the oft repeated modes
of winter protection by banking, mulching,
strawing, winding, boarding, &c., all good, and
often positively necessary, in some form, for
half hardy plants, we wish here to speak par-
ticularly of that prevention which lies in the
essential character of the tree, called vitality,
or constitutional vigor, which is attained only
by a certain degree of maturity.
  It is a well known principle of vegetable
physiology that very much depends on the de-
gree of ripeness or maturity which the tree
attains, for its capacity to endure atmospheric



changes. Again, that eveby sueh slump firm
one degree to another, if boasewithout injury,
places the tree in a positise to eadure saohsr
and more severe shoek in the  n dbeletien;
as exemplified in the increaumi *Ied ef the



tree en it passes from the mummerhat, through I



of winter. The gradual change of the w.ath
er producing a corresponding chaage in the
tree.



  A beautiful lesson of Life! why should not
fruit growers heed it? koes it not show plain-
ly that our valuable tsee for fruit, should be
set in such situations as will give the most
equal temperature throughout the year?
  In our State such situations are always found
on the highat lround  and where exposed to a
free circulation from the north and west.
  The remedy we propose for the diseases we
have been considering lies mainly here, and,
in connection with the all-important matter of
thorough underdraining of the subsoil, either
naturally or artificially, will secure that healthy
growth, early and complete ripening of the
wood, and hence that vigor and hardihood
which will enable it to resist all the demands
)f climate in its greatest extremes of tempera-
ture.
We will briefly advise all who plant trees for
)rofit or pleasure to to plant on high land, a cool
ocation, where the wind blows freely from the
old quarter. Such localities are generally
quite exempt from sudden changes in tempera-
ure, from damaging frosts in spring and au-
tumn, and, beyond all, ripen their wood early
n the fall so as to be prepared for the rigors
f winter.
We not only advise, but strongly urge it as
he only natural and sure remedy for disease
ad death of our orchards by frost blight.
                            J. C. PLUMB.



EARLY CARE OF FRUIT Tauzs.-The follow-
lg hints are from a correspondent of the Bos-
on Cultivator:
-The first eight years of the life of a fruit
Ve are the most important, and require judi-
sue management. If a good, compact head
formed in this period, it will need compara-
vely little pruning afterwards. The wood is
the first consequence in these years, and
oit should be steadily sacrificed for the good
' the tree. Apply the knife above and the
Ompost below, and keep the heads in a pyra-
Idal shape as much e possible. In due time
mo   wrill 16... dnt^; & ZAAX -- L_ - ___



†noug-.…hSao nutos sarong
enough to hold it."



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                                             I
the cool and frosty autumn. to the intennfi 6n1d I