THE WISCONSIN FARMER.



ly than heretofore. Mills will be more abun-
dant. Let there be one provided for every
neighborhood at least.  See continuation of
report of Sorghum Convention in this No.
  Tobacco.-Abominable but profitable.  See
article in last No.
  The Gi*rdes.-Let it no longer reproach your
enterprise add good sense. If you have neg-
lected it to this late day in the season and in
life, neglect it no longer. Gather all your
forces from field and house, take of your coat
and pich iM. Nature will reward you with
that best luxury of country living, an abund-
ance of fteih vegetables, fruits and flowers.
  Live Stdel.-The most profitable, for the time
to come, will be sheep, mules, and horses. Se-
lect the best breeds and the best animals for
breeding. The man who can't see that this is
economy is-a fool, and should, at once, leave
farming, and go into some of the - learned
profestiona !"

     The Great International Exhibition.
                  No. Vill.

BRITISH DEPARTMENT-OPERATIVE IMACHINERY



              CONCLUDED.
PAsSiur by a multitude of machines for



working iR wood, in metals and in precious
stones, we stand, at last, before a vast array of
complex, beautiful, and wonderfully ingenious
machinery for the manufacture of textile fab-
rics-machinery so demonstrative of the re-
markable powers of the human mind, that I
am sure our first parents, Adam and Eve, could
they stand here to-day, in all their nude sim-
plicity, would repent them of all their repent-
ings. For what would the race have been at
this day, had nothing been left us to do but to
bask in the sunshine and to luxuriate amid the
flowers and fruits of the Garden of Paradise
-had there been nothing in the stubborn iner-
tia and the fierce battlings of the material
world to develop the powers of the intellect, to
rouse the manhood that is in us?
  Nay, to work and to win, to subdue the ele-
ments, and to make himself master of the
forces of nature and of the vaster powers o0
the soul-that is the province of man.



Just when the human family began the man-
ufacture of cloth for garments we are unable
.o determine. The skins of animals were un-
doubtedly their first wearing apparel.  But
now we know that a very large share of the
working energies of man ate expended in spin-
ning and weaving, to the end that he may be
clothed.
WACHIINUR FOR MANUFACTVRING COTTON YARN
Woolen, linen and silk fabrics are believed
to have been in use long before the introduc-
lion of cotton, but inasmuch as most of the
improvements in the requisite machinery for
cleaning, carding and spinning were first in-
rented for the manufacture of cotton, and after-
wards adapted to working in other textile
fibres, it will be proper to look at the cotton
machinery first.
  In the early history of cotton manufacture,
the cleaning of the cotton from the seed was
done with the fingers. One person occupied a
whole day in cleaning one pound, and then it
was imperfectly done. The spinning was done
by women known as 1 spinsters," whose meth-
od was to wind a portion of the fibre about the



twigs of a forked branch, ots;an wnicn was



twigs of a forked branch, (wistale  ) w lthm was
held under the left arm, while with thumb and



finger of the right hand the fine thread was
drawn out. This was practiced in England up
to the reign of Henry VIII, when the spinning
wheel, which had long been in use in India,
was introduced.  It differed in no important
particular from the wheel with which the last
generation of women were familiar; but in-
stead of having the fibre in rolls as more late-
ly, the working dames of that period used the
distaff, twirling it with the left hand, while
the whed lwas turned with the right. This
is followed to this day in many parts of the
Southern United States, where the light of civ-
ilization has scarcely yet penetrated.
  But the spinning wheel of King Henry's
time was unequal to supplying the demands of
the weavers, and, besides, the thread was so
knotty that its use was limited to warp. Some-
thing better must come. And it did come, in
the form of the "spinning-jenny," invented'
by James Hargreaves, in 1764.



169



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