EF1I


I


Dignity   r The Efficient being the Phyfically a&  rin-
ciple   * and the End only asking objeffively.
Others of the Shoolmen define Efficient to be Princi-
tium perfie influens in alibd fine MNtatione fui -. The
.amifis, after Plato and Cicero, define an Efficient to be i
that, a qua res efi, from which a Thing is: To which a
a great Author, objefiing that a Thing may alfo be from
its End; adds, that an Efficient is that, a qua res vera;
caufalitate proficifcitrtr.
Others define Efficient to be, que per Affionem caurat,
that which caufes by ading: For to effeE, every Body
knows, is to aft  ; and hence, neither a Procataraic, nor
an Exemplary Caufe, are properly Efficients, tho' ufually
rank'd among the fame.
Lafily, others define an Efficient to be a Caufe, a qua
aliud producatur, from which Something is produced;
Confequently, what arifes from fuch a Caufe, is called an
Effec : And thus God is the Efficient Caufe of the
World   and the World the Effe~f of God. To which De-
Anition of an Efficient, all the former Definitions are
reducible.
An   Fificient Caufe then, is either Phyfical6, as Fire is
the Effficient Caufe of Heat; or Moral, as an Advifer is
the Caufe of a Murther: Or Univerfal, which in various
Circurnfances produce various Effecs, as God and the
Sun; or particular, as a Horfe, which produces a Horfe:
Or Univocal, which produces an Effea like it felf; as a
Horfe begets a Horfe: Or Equivocal, as the Sun produ-
cing a Frog: Or Natural, which acds not only without
Precept, in Oppofition to Artificial, but alfo from within,
and according to its own Inclination, in Oppofition to
violent, as Fire adts when it warms: Or Spontaneous, as
a Dog eating: Or Voluntary and free. See LIBERTY.
Others confider Efficient Caufes, either as Principal, or
as Infirumental. Others, either as next, or remote ; or
Mediate or Immediate. Others, in fine, divide Efficient
Caufes, among all the Kinds of Beings, natural and fuper-
natural; fpiritual and corporeal ; fubilantial and acciden-
tal; vital and not vital, t5c.
But the moil celebrated Divifion of Efficients, is that
into firj? and fecond.
A firft Caufe is that, between which and the Effeq
there is fome neceffary Connedion. Of which Kind there
is none but God alone.
A fecond Caufe is that from which an Effed follows
in Confequence of the Will, or Conflitution of the Creator i
and which the Cartefians call an Occafional Cauife. But
thefe precarious, or Occafional Caufes are, in Reality, no
Caufes at all, but only antecedent Effeds.
This is eafily fhewn: For I. All Adion, at leaft all
corporeal Adion, is contain'd in Motion ; but Motion can
only refult from  the firmi Caufe:  It being an allow'd
Principle, that Body of it felf is inert and inadtive. The
true C(aufe of Motion, therefore, is a Spiritual, not a cor-
poreal Nature. But neither can a finite, Spiritual Nature,
Be the chief Caufe of Motion; for there is no necqffary
Connedion between the Will, e. gr. of an Angel, and the
Motion of a Body, nor between that of any other Being
except God. Thus, when an Angel wills, a Stone moves ;
by Reafon God has conftituted fuch a Law between the
Will of the Angel, and the Motion of the Stone: And
thus, we move our Hands when we pleafe. Not that the
Soul is the principal Caufe of fuch Motion, but only the
Occafional Caufe. See OCCASIONAL. ,
Others have a different Notion of firfi and fecond Caufes.
A firft Cazde, fay they, is that which is independent of
every other, as God alone. A fecond Caufe is that depend-
ing on fome other, as every Creature.
ErFicIENTS, in Arithmetic, the Numbers given for an
Operation of Multiplication, called alfo Fadors. See FACTOR.
The Efficients are the Multiplicand   and Multiplyer.
See MULTIPLICATION.
EFFIGY, EFFIGIES, a Portrait, Figure, or Reprefenta-
tion of a Perfon to the Life. Kings are fhewn in Effigy
in their State Beds.
'EFFIGY, is alfo ufed for the Print, or Impreffion of a
Coin, reprefenting the Prince's Head who firuck it.
To execute or degrade in Effigy, is the Execution, or
Degradation of a condemn'd, contumacious Criminal, who
cannot be apprehended, or feiz'd. In France they hang a
Pidfure on a Gallows, or Gibbet, wherein is reprefented
the Criminal, with the Quality or Manner of the Punifh-
ment: At Bottom is wrote the Sentence, or Condemna-
tion. 'Tis only Condemnations of Death, that are executed
in Effigy.
EFFLORESCENCE, a breaking out of fome Humours
in the Skin; as in the Mealles, and the like.      See
EXANTHEMA.
EFFLUVIUM, a Flux, or Exhalation of minute Par-
ticles from any Body   Or an Emanation of fubtle cor-


o]                  EGG
,ules, from a mix d, fenfible Body, by a Kind of Motion
of 'T'rafiration. See TPANSPIRATION.
That there are fuch Effivia, continually emitted from
ill Bodies, is pretty certain: Thus, if a Body be im-
riterged in Water, or any other humid Matter,* there are
little Bubbles continually transmitted therefrom  to the
Surface of the Water; which are fuppofed to be nothing
elfe but little Particles, detach'd from the folid Body,:
and which, when they arrive at the Surface, emerge in
Form of Bubbles. And thus a Body, placed in the Re-
ceiver of an-Air-Pump, is feen, as it were, in a Kind of
Effervefcence, by Reafon of the external Particles conti-
nually flowing from the fame.
Odoriferous Bodies, every Body knows, are continually
etnitting fubflantial Effiuvia; by Means whereof it is, that-
they excite in us the Senfe of Smelling.  Thele minute
Effluvia are fometimes perceived by the Eye, in Fumes
and Vapours. See SMELLING.
The School Philofophers hold thele Effluvia to be in-
tentional Qualities, as they call them, and nothing fub-,
flantial; but the Moderns laugh at the Notion, as finding
that there Effluvia refrelh and nourilh both the Animal
and Vital Spirits.
Some Bodies are found to emit Effluvia for a great
Number of Years, without any confiderable Lofs, either
as to Bulk or Weight; as Magnets, Electrical Bodies,
Ambers, divers odorous Bodies, &5c.  The Tenuity of
whofe emanant Corpufcles is incredible: Not but that
the Lofs they fuflain by the continual Emiffion of Effluvia,
may be made up to them     by the Reception of other
fimilar Efuvia of the fame Kinds of Bodies, diffufed
thro' the Air.
'Tis added, that there Eftfuvia are emitted in Manner
of Radii, Rays, in Orbem, and that the Circumference or
Bound of the Adivity of the Radiation, exhibits the fame
Figure as is that of the Radiant. This the Attronomers
fufciently prove, from the Ratio of the Refrafion of the
Atmofphere. For the Law of the Emiflion of thefe Effluvia.
See QUALITY.
That Effiuvia may confiderably operate upon, and have
great Effeffs on Bodies within the Sphere of their Adis
vity, is proved by Mr. 'Boyle, in an exprefs Treatife on
the Subtility of Effluvia; where he fhews, I. That the
Number of Corputicles, emitted by Way of Effluvia, is
immensely great. 2. That they are of a very penetrating
Nature. 3. That they move with vail Celerity, and in all
Manner of Direftions. 4. That there is frequently a very
wonderful Congruity, or Incongruity in the Bulk and Shape
of thefe Efflivia, with the Pores of the Bodies they
penetrate into and acl upon. 5. That in animal and or-
ganical Bcdies, particularly, thefe Effiuvia may excite
great Motions of one Part of the Frame upon another,
and thereby produce very confiderable Changes in the
Oeconomy. Laftly, That they have Sometimes a Power
of procuring Affiflance in their Operations by the more
Catholic Agents of the Univerfe, fuch as Gravity, Light,
Magnetifm, the Preffure of the Atmofphere, &c.
That Effluvia are emitted to very great Diflances, we
have a notable Proof in this: That our Wines" grow
turbid in the Hogfhead, precifely at the fame Time when
the Grapes are at their Maturity in other remote Countries,
whence the Wine was imported. Befide that, Odoriferous
Effiuvia are, in many Cafes, perceived at the Diflance of
many Leagues. Again, that the Generality of Effiuvia retain
the proper Colour, Smell, Tafl, and other Properties, and
Effees of the Bodies whence they proceeded, and this even
after they have pafs'd thro' the Pores of other folid Bodies,
we have abundant Proof: Thus, magnetical Effluvia pe-
netrate all, even the moll folid  Bodies, without any
Change of their Nature, or Lofs of Force. And the fame
we fee confirm'd in Sympathetic Inks, and Powders, the
Sagacity of Blood-hounds, &c. See DiVISIBILTY.
EFFUSION, the Pouring out of any liquid Thing with
fome Degree of Force.
In the antient Heathen Sacrifices, there were divers Efu
fions of Wine, and other Liquors; called Libations. Sem
LIBATION.
When Princes conclude a Treaty of Peace, they ufually
pretend 'tis to prevent the Efufion, of Chriflian Blood.
EFFusIoN, or FusIoN, Aquarius, in Affronomy, is that
Part of the Sign Aquarius, represented on celestial Globes
and Planifpheres, by the Water iffuing out of the Urn of
the Water-Bearer. See AquARIus.
EGG, in Natural Hiflory, a Part form'd in the Females
of certain Animals; which, under a Shell, or Cortex,
includes an Embryo, or Fcetus, of the fame, Species the
Parts whereof are afterwards difplay'd, and dilated,' either
by Incubation, or by the Acceflion of a nutritious Juice.
The Species of Animals that produce .Eggs, are particularly
denominated Oviparous; and the Part wherein the Egg is
form'd, the Ovary. See QY&aY and OvipAROus.
Of