C 114 )


this Principle, the Quantity of a Solar Montb will be found
30 Days, Io Hours, 29 Minutes, 5 Seconds.
Lunar MONTHS are either Synodical, reriodical, or h2K-
Minarzve.
Lunar SynodicalMoNTH, call'd alfo, abfolutely, Lunar
MONTH, and Lunation, is the Space of Time between two
Conjuniions of the Moon with the Sun ; or between two
New Moons. See SYNODICAL Month and LUNATION.
The Quantity of the 'ynodical Month is 29 days, iz h.
44', 3'1, 2'. See MOON.
Lunar Periodical MONTH is the Space of time wherein
the Moon makes her round thro' the Zodiac  or wherein
Ihe returns to the fame Point. See Pt?'RIODICAL.
The Quantity of this Alonth is 27 days, 7 h. 43'. 8'.
The antient Romans made ufe of Lunar Months, and made
'em alternately-of 29 and 30 Days. They mark'd the
Days of each Montb by three Terms, viz. Calends, Nones,
and Ides. See CALEN DS, NO NE S, SC.
Lunar Illuminative MONTH, is the Space from the flrfl
time of her Appearance after New Moon, to her firfi Ap-
pearance after the New Moon following.
Hence, as the Moon appears fornetimes fooner after
the New Moon, and fometimes later ; the Quantity of
the Illumi7native Month is not always the fame.
By this Month the Turks and Arabs go.
AJironomical, or Natural MONTH, is that meafured by fome
exact Interval correfp onding to the Motion of the Sun, or
Moon.
Such are the Lunar and Solar Months above-mentioned.
Where note, That thefe Months can be of no urfe in Civil
Life ; where it is requir'd that the Months begin and end
on fome certain day. For this reafon recourfe is had to
another form of Afomhs.
Civpl, or lontn;i MONTH, is an interval ofa ccrtain num-
ber of wholk Days, approaching nearly to the Quantity
of fame Afironomical, cicher Lunar, or SolarMoti.:o. See
DAY.
Thefe CivilMonths are various, according to the Aliro-
nomical Afloth ti cy are accommodated to.
Civil Lunar MONT HIS are to confifif alternately of 29 and
zc Days. Thus will two Civil M.nibs be equal to two A-
Ihrenomical ntAs, abating for the odd Minutts. And, con-
fcqucntly the New Mour, will be herebY k-tL to the firfi
D. y of each fuch civil Month for a long trne together.
However, to make 'em keep conflant Pace with the Civi
Months, at the end of each 48 Months, a Month of 29 days
rnuii be added i or elfe every 33d Month mufl conflit of
5o days.
TI -is was the Month in Civil, or Common Ufe among the
sews, Greeks, and Romans, till the time of .ulins CeGar
Civil Solar MONTHS are to conflil alternately of 30 and
31 Days; excepting for one Mlonth of the twelve, which
for every tourth ' ear fhould confift of 30 Days, and the
other Y cars of z 9.
This Form ot Civil Months was introduced by Sulius Coefar.
Under z."gujius, thL fixth Month, till then from its place
call'd Sextilis, was denominated Augu/is, in honourof that
Prince, and to make the Compliment yet greater, a Day
was added to it. So that it now confifled of 3i Days, tho
till then it had only cuntain'd 3". To make up for which,
a Day was taken from february ; fo that henceforward
it only confifled of -S Days, and every third Year of
2.9 5 tho before it had ordinarily confifed of 29 Days,
. Tc.
And fuch are the Civil or Calendar Months which now ob-
tain thro' Europe. See CALENDAR.
TbilofJopbical MONTIJ, among C(hymifls, is the fpace of
4o Days and Nights. See MENSTRVUM.
MONTHLY Cour'Js, fee MENSES.
MONT-PAGNEL, in Military Matters, an Eminence
chofe without the reach of the Cannon of a Place befieged,
where curious Perfons pofl themselves to fee an Attack, and
the manner of theSiege, without being expofed to danger.
The Word literally denotes the Pofl of the Invulne-
rable.
MONUMENT in Archite'lure, a Building deflin'd tc
preferve the Memory, &c. 'of the Perfon who rais'd it, o0
for whom it was rais'd.
Such is a Triumphal Arch, a Maufoleum, a Pyramid
ec. See MAUSOLEUM, WC.
The Word comes from the Latin Monere, to advife, anc
advertize.
The firfi Monuments which the Antients erected, wen
the stones which they laid over their Tombs, whereoi
they wrote the Names and Aaions of the deceas'd. Se,
TOMB.
Thefe Stones were diflinguifh'd by various Names ac
ccording as their Figures were different. The Greeks gav
the Name Steles to fuch as were Square in their Bafe, an
preferv'd the fame Depth throughout their whole Length
whence were deriv'd our Square Pilaflers, or Attic Cc
lumnS. See PILASTEa.


MOO


They call'd thofe Style,, which being round in their Bafe,
ended in a Point at top, which gave occafion to the Inven
tion of diminilh'd Columns.
The Name Pyramids they gave to thofe which were
fquare at the Foot, and terminated in a point at top, in
manner of a Funeral Pile. See PYRAMID.
And the Name Obe/ifc, to thofe whole Bafes were
more in Length than in Breadth, and which rofe, flill
leffening, to a very great Height, refembling the Figure
of the Spits or Inflruments ufed by the Antients in roafling
the Flefh of their Sacrifices, which they call'd Obeles.
See OBELISK.
The MONUMENT, abfolutely fo call'd among us, de-
notes a Magnificent Pillar erecded by Order of Parliament,
in Memory of the Burning of the City, Anno 1666, in
the very place where the Fire began.
It is of the Tufcan Order, 2ac Foot high from the
Ground, and I 5 Foot in Diameter, all of folid Portland
Stone, with a Stair-Cafe in the Middle of black Marble.
The Pedefial is 21 Foot fquare, and 40 high; the Front
being enrich'd with curious Baffo Relievo's.
MONY. See MONEY.
MOOD, or MODE, in Logic, call'd alfo Syllogiflic
MOOD, is a Proper Difpofition of the feveral Propofitions
of a Syllogi fin, in refpea of Quantity and Quality. See
SYLLOGISM.
By proper Difpofition, we mean fuch wherein the Ante-
cedent being true, the Confequent, in virtue of the Form,
cannot be falfe. So that all thofe Moods or Manners of Syllo-
gifms are at once excluded, where no Conclafion formally
follows; or where the Antecedent being true, a falfe Con-
clufion may be drawn from it. See CONCLUSION, & C.
There are two kinds of AMoods ; the one dire&, gthe
other indirect: Direli Mood is that wherein the Conclufion
is drawn from the Premifres direcly and immediately; as,
Every Animal is a living Thing; every Man isan Animal;
therefore every Man is a living Thing.
An Indireff Mood, is that wherein the Conclufion is not in-
ferr'd immediately from the Premiffes, but follows from 'em
by means of a Converfion. As every Animal is a living
Thing, every Man is an Animal i therefore fome living
Thing is a Man.
There are fourteen direa Moods; whereof four belong to
the firit Figure, five to the fourth; 4 to the ad; and 6to
the 3d. See FIG URE.
They are denottAd by fo many artificial Words framed
for that purpofe, viz. I. Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Fertoq;
4 Baralip, Celartes, Dabitis, Fapejro, Frifejom. a  Ce/are.
Camin jres, lejiino, Baroco. 3. Darapti, Felapton, Difamis,
DaqJs, hocardo, Ieri/on.
The Ufe and Efec& of which Words lie wholly in the
Syllables, and the Letters whereof the Syllables confifi.
Each Word, e. g. confifis of three Syllables, denoting the
three Propofitions of a Syllable, viz. Major, Minor, and
Conclufion. Add, that the Letters of each Syllable are
either Vowels or Confonants. The Vowels are A, which
denotes an univerfal affirmative Propofition ; E, an univer-
fal Negative; I, a particular Affirmative, and 0, a par-
ticular Negative.
Thus Barbara is a Syllogifm of the I l Figure, confifling
of three univerfal affirmative Propofitions: Baralif of the
4th Figure, confiling of univerfal affirmative Premiltes, &c.
particular affirmative Conclufions, &c. See BARBARA,
CELARENT, DARII, S.$C.
The Confonants are chiefly of ufe in the Reduaion of
Syllogifms. See REDUCTION.
MOOD or Mode, in Grammar, is ufed to fignify the difFe-
rent Manners of conjugating Verbs, agreeably to the diffe-
rent A&ions or Affeaions to be expreffied, e. g. fhewing,
commanding, wilhing, 05c. See VERB.
Hence arife 5 Modes, viz. the Indicative, Imperative, Op-
tative, Subjunklive, and Infinitive. See INDICATIVE, I M-
PERATIVE, OPTATIVE, CC.
Some Grammarians reckon but four Modes, confounding
the Optative with the Subjunalive; and foome make fix,
Idividing the Optative into Potential and Optative.
The Greeks have five Modes of Verbs differing in Termi-
n ation; but the Latins have but four.
In Engljff the Terminations are the fame in all the Modes.
For the Origin of Modes, it may be obferved, that
IVerbs are of that kind of Words which fignify the Manner
and Form of our Thoughts; whereof the Principal is Affir-
e mation. Verbs are alfo form'd to receive different Inflec-
ntions, as the Affirmation regards different Perfons and difFe-
e rent Times, whence arife the Tenfes and Perfons of Verbs.
But befides thefe, Men have thought fit to invent other
- Infledions, to explain what pafs'd in their Mind  fill more
e diffinrly: For, in the fir1 place, they confider'd, that
d befide the fimple Affirmations, as be loves, be loved, there
; were others modified and conditional, as, if be loved, tho'
i- befiould love. And the better to diflinguilh thefe Affir-
mations from the others, they doubled the Infleclions of
thofle


MON