P ER                             7
PERMEABLE, denotes a Body confider'd as its Pores are
Capable of letting Comewhat pafs thro' 'em. See PORE.
PER MINIMA, in Medicine, denotes a perfedl Mixture
of the fmalleff Particles of feveral Bodies, or Ingredients. See
MIxrURE and MINIMA.
PERMUTATION, the Truck, or Exchange of one
Thing for another. See EXCHANGE.
The Commerce of the Ancients, was perform'd wholly by
way of Permutation. See CoMMERcE.
PERMUTATION, in the Canon Law, a real and adtive Ex-
change oftwo Benefices. See BENEFICES.
Permutation, is a Means of bringing Benefices into
Commerce without Simony. See SIMONY.
The Conditions requir'd to a canonical Permutation are;
1 . That there be Benefices permuted on either Side; tho'
the Revenues be unequal; and in Cafe of Inequality, no Com-
penlfation to be made in Money; but only a Penfion charged
on the bigger.  z0 That each of the Permutants quit his
Benefice, and make a Procuration ad refignandum. ;Q That
the Permutation be followed by a Collation of the Ordina-
ry. 40 That the Ordinary be inform'd of the Caufe of the
Permutation. 5f That thofe to whom the Prefentation or
Eledfion to the Benefices belongs, give their Confent; or in
Cafeof their Refufal,that the Confent of the Diocefan behad.
The chief Rules of Permutation are, that if one of the
Compermutants cannot enjoy, he re-enters with full right in-
to the Benefice he has quitted ; and that if he die 'ere he have
acconipliffi'd the Permutaticn on his Part by the taking of
Poffeflion, the Compermutant who has accomplifh'd, retains
both Benefices, unlefs they fall into the Regale.
PERM U TAT IONS      of quantities, in Algebra, the
Changes, Alternations, or different Combinations of any
Numberof Quantities. See COMBINATION and CHANGE.
PER 2 UTA'IONEArchidiaconatus b      Eccle~fie cidem an-
nexe cum Ecclefia bprebenda, is a Writ iffued to an Ordinary,
commanding him to admit a Clerk to a Benefice upon Ex-
change made with another. Reg. of Writs.
PER MY & PER TOUT, a joint Tenant is faid to be
feiz'd of the Land he holds jointly Per my e) Per tout, i. e.
he s Ceiz'd by every Parcel, and by the whole, t'otum tenet,
Ee nihil tenet, fc. totum conjundim f nibilfeparatim. Bracton.
PERNANCY, in Law, the taking or receiving any
Thing; from the French Prendre, to take.
Tithes in Pernancy are Tithes taken in kind. See TITHES.
PERNIO, in Medicine, a Difeafe afflicfing the Hands
and Feet in Winter-time, popularly call'd a Kibe or Chilblain.
See CHILBLAIN.
I The Parts affeded fwell, inclining from a white to a blue-
ifh Colour, itch and ake; yet, the Tumour vanifles without
any Exulceration, upon anointing the Part with Petrol.
PERN      : ofProfits, he who takes, or receives the Pro-
fits of any Thing; from the French Preneur, Taker.
PERONE, in Anatomy, a Bone of the Leg, more ufually
call'd libula. See FIBULA. Hence
PERONEUS AnticUs, longus orprimus, a MuCcle of the
Leg, arifing flefhy and tendinous from the Head to the Mid-
dle of the Perone; whence running as in a Pulley, thro' the
Channel on the hind Part of the outer Ankle Bone, it is in-
ferted into the Upper-end of the Bone of the Metatarfus,
which joins the great Toe: The Office of this MuCcle is to
draw the Foot upwards.
PERONEUS Poflicus, brevis, or fecindus, a Mufcle fome-
times alfo call'd Semifibuleus, arifing flefhy and fharp in the
Back-part of the Perone; whence, continuing down the Outer-
fide ofthe  Bone till below the Middle, it forms a firooth,
firong, flat Tendon, which runs thro' the fame Channel at
he Bottom of the Malleolus externus, with the Longus, to
he Out-fide of the Os Metatarfi of the little Toe: Its Office
is to pull the Foot upwards.
PERORATION, *in Rhetoric, the Epilogue, or laft
Part of an Oration; wherein, what the Orator had infifled
on thro' his whole Difcourfe is urg'd a-frelh, with greater
Vehemence and Paffion: Thus Ruintilian. See ORATION.
The Peroration confifis of two Parts, rXRecapitulaticn, where-
in the Subfiance of what is diffufed throughout the whole
Speech, is colleded briefly, and curforily;  and fum'd up
with new Force and Weight. See RECAPITULATION.
And, 2_ The Mcving of the Pafjions ; which is Co peculiar to
the Peroration, that the Maflers of the Art call this Partfe-
des affeduum. See PASSIONS.
The Pafflons to be rais'd in the Peroration are various,
according to the various Kinds of Orations: In a Panegyric,
Love, Admiration, Emulation, Joy, C'c. In an Invedfive,
Hatred, Contempt, &ec: In a Deliberation, Hope, Confi-
dence or Fear.
The Qualities required in the Peroration are, that it be
vehement and pafflionate; and that it be fhort: Becaufe, as
Cicero obferves, Tears foon dry up
The Peroration was Cicero's zafler-piece: Here that great
Orator not only Cet his Judges and Auditors on Fire, but
even feem'd to burn himfelf; efpecially when he was to raife
Pity and Commiferation towards the accufed; where, as he
kimfelf tells us, he frequently fill'd the Forum with Weeping


90)j          ' PER
and Lamentation. He adds, that where there were fe
Orators to fpeak for the fame Perfon, the Peroration
always referv'd to Cicero; and fubjoins, that if he exo
herein, 'twas not owing to Genius, but to the Grief Ie
felf fhew'd. This is abundantly evident in his Milonian
oration i where he fays .fedfinisfit: neque enim pre La
mis jam  oqui poifffi; &5 hic fe. Lacrymis deft nde vetat--
in that for Rabirius Pofthamus: fed jam, quoniam, ut j
fidem quam poti, tibipreftii, Pofthurme, reddam etian
crymas quas debeo -- 57am indicat tot hominurm fietus qua
caries tuis, S.   me dolor debilitat, includitque vocem.
PERPENDICULAR, in Geometry, a Line fallin
redtly on another Line, or fo as to make equal Angles on
Side; call'd alfo a normal Line. See LINE.
Thus the Line I G. (Tab. Geometry Fig. 5 7.) is Pert
cular to the Line K 11. i. e. makes right and equal A
therewith
From the very Notion of Perpendicu.1ars, it follc
. That the 5Perpendicularity is mutual, i. e. if a
as I G be Perpendicular to another, 2AR   that other, is
T.erpendicular to the firfi.


2. I nat Only one ri7ena iular can De drawn trom one
Point in the fame Place.
3. That if a Perpe-ndicular be continu'd thro' the Line it
was drawn Terpendicularly to; the Continuation will alfo
be Perpendicular to the fame.
4. That if there be two Points of a right Line, each of
which is at an equal Diffance from two Points of another
right Line 3 that Line is Perpendicular to the other.
5. That a Line which is Perpendicular to another, is alfo
Perpendicular to all the Parallels of the other. See PA-
RALLEL.
6. That a Perpendicular Line is the fhortefl of all thofe
which can be drawn from the fame Point to the fame right
Line.
Hence the Diflance of a Point from a Line, is a right Line
drawn from the PointPerpendicular to the Line or Plane; and
hence the Altitude of a Figure is a Perpendicular let fall from
the Vertex to the Bafe. See DISTANCE.
go ereit a Perpendicular G Ion any given Point G, In a
right Line M  L  one Foot of the Compa{es being in Go
with any Interval at Pleafure, cut off equal Parts on each Side
G H  and G K; from the Points K and H with an Interval
greater by half than K H firike two Arches interfeaing in 1i
the right Line G 1 is Perpendicular to  .
Perpen~diculars are bef defcrib'd in Pradtice by means
of a Square; onof  f whofe Legs is applied along that Line to,
or from which the Perpendicular is to be let fall or rais'd. See
SQUARE.
r'o ereCt a Perpendicular on the End of a given Line, fup-
pofe at TP; open your Cohipaffes to any convenient Diflance,
and fetting one Foot in C, defcribe the Arch R P S; lay a
Ruler from S through C, it will find the Point R ins the
Arch, whence draw P R, which is Perpendicular to P M.
Tio let Jull a Perpendicular on a given Line MSP, from a
given Point L5 fet one Foot of the Compaffis in L, and with
the other crofs the given Line in the Points Ml and G. Then
fetting the Compaffes in G and M, firike two Arches inter-
feling each other below in 8: Then lay a Ruler from l
to 8, and the Line K L defcrib'd thereby is the Perpendicular
' si Al


PERPENDICULAR to a Parabola, is a right Lin
ting the Parabola in the Point in which any other righ
touches it, and is alfo itfelf Perpendicular  to that
gent. See PARABOLA.
A Line is faid to be Perpendicular to a Plane, whe
Perpendicular to all the Lines it meets with in that I
and a Plane is Perpendicular to another Plane, when
in one Plane is Perpendicular to the other Plane. See P;
PERPENDICULARITY of Plants, is a curious 2
menon, in Nat. Hiffory, firfi obferv'd by M. Dodart
publifh'd in an exprefs Effay on the AfeCtation of' Per
.cularity, obfervabie in the Stems or Stalks of all Plants;
Roots of many, and even of the B ranches as mh aspo4
The Matter of Fad is, that tho' ahnofl all
rife  a little crooked;  yet, 'the Stems fhioot up p
dicularly, and the Roots fink down Perpendicularly:
fuch as by the Declivity of the Soil come out inclin'd, o
as are diverted out of the Perpendicular by any violent A
again fireighten themselves, and recover their Perpendii
ty, by making a' fecond and contrary Bend or Elbow, w
retifying the firjf.
A common Eye looks on this Affedation without any
prize; but a Man that knows what a Plant is, and how;
finds it a Subjecl of Aflonifhment.
In efFed, each Seed contains a little Plant, already fi
and needing nothing but to be unfolded: The little Plt
its little Root; and the Pulp, which is ufually fepjarate
two Lobes, 'is the Foundation of the firfl Food the Pe
draws, Iy its Root, when it begins to germinate. See 4
RADICLE, {5'C.
Now, if a Seed in the Earth, be fo dilpofed, as th


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