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Steel is known by its Grain, which is much finer thin that
of Iron. See STEEL, and IRoN.
GRAINING - BOARD, is a Board ufed by the Curriers,
to give the Grain to their Leather. See CURRYING.
It is made with Teeth, or Nitches running quite a-crofs;
into which, the foft, moiflen'd, fuppled Leather being prefs'd,
its Surface readily takes the Imnpreffion.-See LEATHER.
GRAMINEUS, GRA MINE A, in Antiquity, a Crown form'd
of Grafs, Gramen, beflow'd, bv the Romnans, on certain of
their Generals, in confideration of their having faved, or re-
fcued an Army. See CROWN.
The Gra/fy Crown was but rarely confer'd ; and for fome
fignal Exploit; when, thro' the Coura e, or Dexterity of a
General, an Army reduc'd to the laft Extremities had been
faved, or deliver'd, and the Enemy put to flight.
GRAMINEOWJS Herbs, among Botanitis, are fuch as
have a long, narrow Leaf and no Foot-flalk. See PLANT.
GRAMMAR, the Art of fpeaking rightly ; that is, of ex-
preffing one's Thoughts, by Signs mutually agreed on for
that purpofe. See SPEAKING.                      I
The Signs, here found moft convenient, are articulate
Sounds; but, as thefe are tranfient, others have been in,
vented more permanent, viz. Grammata,     qi.X'7~, Let-
ters, whence the Name Grammar. See VOIcE, and LET-
TER.-
Grammar is more accurately defined, after Mr. obnfon,
the Art of exprefling the Relations of Things in Conftru-
a1ion, with due Quantity in fpeaking, and Orthography in
writing, according to the Cultom of thole whofe Language
we learn. See LANGUAGE.
Grammar is divided by fome Authors, into four Parts,
Orthography, Profody, Etymology, and Syntax. See OR-
TIHOGRAPHIY, PRosoDy, ETYMOLOGY, and SYNTAX.
Others chufe to divide it fomewhat more obvioufly, into
the Doalrine of Letters, or Sounds, which coincides with
Orthography and Orthoepy; thet of Syllables, their Accent,
Time, Ec. which falls in with Profody ; that of Words, their
Kinds, Derivations, Changes, Analogy, &c. which amounts
to Etymology; and that of Sentences, which confiders the
placing, or joining of Words together, called Syntax. See
LETTER, WORD, SYLLABLE, and SENTENCE.-
The chief Bufinefs of Grammar is to decline, conjugate,
conflruct, and fpell Nouns, Verbs, and other Parts of Speech.
It teaches the Propriety, and natural Force of each Part
of Difcourfe; and the Reafon of all Expreflions ufed therein,
See DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, CONSTRUCTION, NOUN,:
VERB, SPEECH.
Some have called Grammar the Door, or Gate of the
Arts and Sciences; by reafon none of thefe are attainable,
but by means hereof. Grammar, according to Qjintilian,
is that to Eloquence, which the Foundation is to the Buil-
ding: They who defpife it, as only dealing in low, trivial
Things,. are exceedingly miflaken: It has, really, more So-
lidity than Shew.
The Authors of the Art of 'hinkirg confider Grammar, as
not lefs neceilary to try, and exercife the Abilities of the mof:
Knowing, than to form the Minds of Beginners: The Ad-
vantages of Grammar are well fet forth by Perizonius, in
the Preface of his Edition of Sangius's Minerva, Amflerd.
17I4. See GRAMMARIAN.
fDiogenes Laertius relates, after one Hermippus, that E-
picurus was the firft that gave the Rules -of Grammar for
the Greek Tongue; but that Plato was the firitwho bad
taken the thing into Confideration, and even made forAm
flifcoveries on that Subje&.
At Rome, Crates of Mallunthus in M/a, cotemporaqy
with AriJfarchus, Rave the firft Leaures thereon to the Re.
vians, during the Time of his being Embaffador for King
Attatns, to the Commonwealth, between the fecond and
third Punic Wars, foon after Ennius's Death. Before him,
it was not known at Rome what Grammar meant. 'Rolydwc
Virgil De Invent. Rer. L. I. C. 7.
Grammar is the fame in all Languages, as to its ge-
neral Principles, and Notions which it borrows from Philo-
fophy to explain the Order and Manner wherein we expref
our Ideas by Words: But, as- each Language has its pari-
cular Turns, its feveral CharaEter, and Genius, difIerenI
from the Genius and Charaiffer of other Languages: Hence
arife as many Grammars, 'as Languages.-An Example wil
fuffice to fhew this: We fay in Englilh, fDraw a ftrait Line
not, a Lie (trait: In Frenci, they fay, tirer ligne droite
a Line jrait, not droitc ligne, a firait Line- And in Latin
there is a Liberty to fay it either the one way, or the other
reaim lineam, or lineam retlam, ducere. And if there be a
Language which in the Phrafe above-tmentioned follows the
fame Analogy, as the EngliJ; it differs from it on a hun.
dred other Occafions.-
Hience D. Wallis Iufily finds Fault with our EngliA Gram.
marians, where he fays, that all of them forcing our E-glifh
Tongue too Much to the Latin Method, have deliver'd ma.
my Irele. Things concerning Cafes, Genders, and Declen-


GR A


fions of Noun; Tenfres, Moods, and Conjugations of Verbs
as alfo the Government of Nouns and Verbs, which ogr
Language has nothing to do with.  See ENGLtISIi, CASE,
DECLENSION, GENDER, MOOD,&C.
GRAMMAR iS alfo ufed fol a Book containing the Rules
of Grammar which obtain in any Language. See LAN-
GUAGE.
The antient Grammlars; are; for the Hebre-w, that of
Rabbi .7itdas Chiug, which is commonly held the firfl He-
brcw Grammar that appear'd; tho' it is certain, Rabbi
Saadias Haggaon, who lived before Rabbi Yuda, compos'd
two Works in the fame kind, one, exprefly of Grammar; -
and the other, of the Elegances of the Ikbrev 'Tongue. See
HEBREW, &C.
For the Greek, the oldefi Gramtflar is that of Gaza
The Latin ones, are the Works of Martian!s Capella, Prif-
cian, and Adconizus tPdianns. See GREEX, &C.
The beflofthe modern Grammars, are 1f For the Iebre't,
that of Pagninus, the Edition of IHen.Stevens, or le Preux at
Geneva, in r 592; that of Pctrus Martinius at Rochel I 59,9;
that of .Bxtorf; that of Lutdovicus Deus, in three Langua-
ges; that of Sixtinus Anmama, which is a Colleafion from
MIartinius and Buxtorf; that of Bellarmine, with the Notes
of AMlis; that of Fa. Sglanther is ufeful for Beginners.
2f For the Cbaldee, the bef are thofe of Martinius,  UXt-
torf, and Lud. EDens, in three Languages. See CH ALDEE.
3' For the Syriac, thofe of Amira, Xyricei's, Waferus,
and ZBeveridge; with the Chaldee and Syriac ones of 2Bux-
tsrfi; of Lud. Deus in three Languages, and that of Lambdea.
4? For the Coptic, the tProdromnus Coptus, and Linga
A  yptiara Reflituta of Kircher. See CoPTIC.
For the Adrabic, that of Erpenius, and that of Golius,
vwhich is only Erpenius's a little augmented. See ARABIC.
60 For the .Ethio.ic, that of.% Ludoiphus.
7Q For the Per/ian, that of Lud. !)eust
8f For the Amenian, thofe of.Scbroder, and Galaaus.
90 For the Greek, thofe of Aizare. Rulandzs, Silburgius,
Fa. MoAcqnet, Voqius, Rusby, and Port Royal.
IO" For the Latin, thofe of teJeauter, the .Minerva of
Sanaius, thofe of Voffius, and that of Port Royal, which is
only a Colledion fron the reft.
110 For the Italian, thofe of BZ'erger, Lanfredini, .Port
Royal, and Veneroni.
t  '1  Forthe SPaifbb, thofe of SalazariPort Royal, th'
Abbot de Verac, &c.
I.3 EFor the Portugvte;, that of Pereyra.
I4f For the French, thofe of the Abbe Regnier, and Fa,
B.Z'nffer,           ..                    .   .
I 5 For the High-Outch, thofe of heinz, Clairs, Hertz
ber, and Leopold.  ,Laflly,
t69 For the Englib, t-hoe of Wallis,  righian, and
GreenwvoodA-.
G R A M MAIkR I A N, GRAMMATICUS, a sPerfon weit
verfed, in Grammar; or who teaches Grammar.       See
GRAMMAR          ;
The Denomination Gramwarita, is, life  ?,h  :f Gritic,
now frequently ufed as .a  e9i    R,~ppach. A mere
Grammarian; A dry, ploddingGr-nCyratmnar aqxc    Th
Grammzarian is conceived as a P     ~rfonwholy attentive  th
Afinutie of Language; induLtriouny enl'oy'd about Words,
-,and Phrafes; incapable qf perceiving the J3eauties, the De-
licacy, FinefUe, Extent, qc. of a Sentiment. I  c PED"AN T.
Scaligrr, however, confider'dGran2marian s-in another
Light. LtJnamn .j1g7' fays hlWe*. s Grawnmaucus;  iic
enim ci, qui omnnes -nutdores probe vilt iutelligere, s
Grammaticum.-      ,
-    The Title Grammarian, 'tis certain, was -antiently a Ti-
tle of Honour; being givennot olty to fuch as applied thern-
felves .to Grammar, or excell'd in Philology; but to all~who
!were reputed Learned in any ;rt, or Faculty whatever, as
is fhewn by Gre. VIps,J in. his Book ot Grarimar.
The.W.ord was~properly a 5Ijtle of Literature. and Erudi-
tion, and frequently given;wtO hPorfons *hQ e xcll'd in.all, or
* .many Atts1, ca;ll'4 alfo 'Polyfiores.  see POLYHISTOR.
Thus4 'Rhiqospnus,. a famouss Thilofoher in S7uiinian's
- Time, remarkable for the Extent, and Varietyot~his Know-
t ledge, wasfurnamned Grammaticuis, as appears from Rho-
tris's Library  So Saxo, the  panifh Hiflorian, in the Xlllth
1 Century, got. the Apellation Gramrnat'icls; And as lateoas
the Year I 1o 7'homqs d'Auer/jrs, a celebrated Neooliiarn
Lawyer, was fu named the GrQommarian;,       .
IThe Title Grammarian was antiently bclbw'd on. hqfie
we now call Criticks, Men of tearning, Erudition, Letters,
a tgc. aond particularly fuch as wrote well, and politely in eqry
e kind. * Sef&CWTI-sM,.      .
'Tis in this Senfe that Suetonius entitles his ookb which
he. wrote on. the befl: Latin Authors. Of the Celebrated
- | Grammwarians,; ard, that Cornelius Nepos calls t  Commen
tators on the Orators, and Poets, Grammariasand lal)y,
'£is in thi Senfe the Word is attributt by te Antients to
-.#pio, 2Philotonus, ani Afolinus-,
y           ~~~Tke


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