CH A


let of fifteen Decads 6f Ave-Marys.
Origin of the Word from the Re-
bears to a Hat, Cbapeau ; which is
and modern Latins, Capellia; the
all it Corona.
ret afcribe the firlt Invention of the
Hermit, well known in the Hitiory of
of our Saviour, confifling of 3 3 Beads,
Years living on Earth, inflituted by


F. Micbael, the GamalduIla.
The Orientals have a ikind of Cbap elets, which they
call Chains, and which they ufe in their Prayers, rehearf-
ing one of the Perfeffions of God on each Link, or Bead.
The Great Mogul is faid to have eighteen of thefe Chains, all
precious Stones ; ome Diamonds, others Rubies, Pearls, ec.
The T~urks have likewifeChaplets, which they bear in
the Hand, or hang at the Girdle : But, F. Dandini ob-
ferves, they differ from thofe us'd by the RomanifJs, in
that they are all of the fame Bignefs, and have not that
Diffinrion into Decads; tho they confift of fix Decads, or
60 Beads. He adds, that they have presently run over
the Chapelet, the Prayers being extremely Short ; having
only thefe Words, Praife to God; or thefe, Glory to God,
for each Bead.
Befides the common Cbapelet, they have likewife a larger
one, confiding of loo Beads, which has fame Diflinaion,
being divided by little Threads into three Parts, on one of
which they repeat thirty times Soubhan lallab, i. e. God
is to be praifed; on another, Ellamnd lallab, Glory to
God 3and on the third, Al/a echer, God is Great. Thefe
thrice 30 times making only go ; to complete the Number
ioo, they add a Number of other Prayers for the Beginning
of the Chap let.
He adds, that the Mahometan Chapelet appears to have
had its rife from the Mea beracothor hundred Benedit ions;
which the .7ews are oblig'd to repeat daily, and whic l we
find in their Prayer-Books: The Yews and Mahometans
having this in common, that they fcarce do any thing with-
out pronouncing Come Laud, or Benedidion.
CHAPLET, in ArchiteElure, is a little Ornament cut or
rarv'd into round Beads, Pearls, Olives, and Pater-Nofiers;
as is frequently done in Baguettes.
A Chapter, in effh&, is little elfe but a .Baguette enrich'd
With Sculpture. See BAGUETTE.
CHAPPAR, a Courier of the King of Perfia, who
carries Difpatches from Court to the Provinces, and from
the Provinces to Court. See COURIER.


W.  Tavernier tells us, are not eflablilh'd and
Perfz/a as among us: When the Court fends
, the So phi's Mafter of the Horfe furnishes
gle Horfe, how long foever his Journey be,
run after him : when his Horfe is weary,
of the firfi Horfeman he meets with, who
e the leafi Refufal, and fends his own home
ho follows him.
ler of the new Horfe he has taken, he mull
fend after the Chaappar to re-take him, when
fmounts Come other Horfeman to change him.
in the original Per/ian, fignifies Courier.
CHA PE, in Heraldry, the Patition of
an Efcutcheon, by Lines drawn from the
Centre of the upper Edge to the Angles
below, as in the Figure adjoining, which
they blazon, Cbappe O-, and Vert.
The Se2ions of the Sides are to be of a
different Colour from the refd. Mackenzy
"Party per bend dexter, orfinifter, or both.
', or CHAPEAU.
or CHAPEL. See CHAPEL.
CaPitulum, a Community of Ecclefiaflicks,
thedral or Collegiate Church. See CATHE-
ZLEGIATE.
Or Head of the Chapter, is the )Dean: The
I Canons, or Prebendaries, &c. See DEAN;
and PREBENDARY.
has now no longer any Share in the Ad-
the Diocefs, during the Life of the Bifhop;
o the whole Epircopal Juridiaion during
the See.
of ,C1apters is deriv'd from hence, that an-
hops had their Clergy refiding with them
Irals, to affiff them in the Performance of
and in the Government of the Church; and
ochial Settlements were made, there were
Clerks who continu'd with the Bifhop, and
is Family, maintain'd out of his Income.
onaflick Life grew into requefi, many Bi.
inks rather than Seculars.
s, either of Xonaflicks or Seculars, had the
of chufing the Bifhop, and being hi4 Coun-
whole Clergy of the Diocefs had before;


But, by degrees, their Dependance on the Bifhop.grew
lefs and lefs ; and then they had diflind Parcels of the Bi-
lhop's Eiate aflign'd them for their Maintenance ; till at
lait, the Bilfhop had little more left than the Power of vi-
fiting them. See BtsHoP.
On the other hand, thefe Capitular Bodies by degrees
alfo loft their Pfivileges ; particularly that of chufing the
Bifhop, for which the Kings of England had a long ilrug-
gle with the Pope: but at lafi, Renry VIII. got this Power
vetled in the Crown; and now the Deans and Chapters
have only the Shadow of it.
The fame Prince likewife expell'd the Monks from the
Cathedrals, and plac'd Secular Canons in their room; thofe
he thus regulated, are call'd Deans and Chapters of the
new Founsdation ; fuch are Canterliry, Wizchbefer, Wor-
cejier, Ely, Car/le, Durham, Rocbefler, and No rwicb
fuch alfo are the Chapters of the four new Sees, of Peter-
borough, Oxford, G/'cefter, and Byiflol. See DEAN.
CHAPTER, is alfo us'd for the Affemblies held by Reli-
gious and Military Orders, for deliberating on their Affairs,
and regulating their Difcipline.
*:Papias fays, they are Co call'd, q7.isd Caitula ibi legantur.
The   Ftiablifhmnent of General Chapters of Religious
Orders, is owing to the CQ ercians, who held the firit in
I I6, and were foon follow'd by the other Orders.
CHAPTERW is alfo us'd for a Divifion of a Book; con-
triv'd for keeping Matters more clear and diflinri.
The Antients were unacquainted with the Divifion of
Books into Chapters and .rtcles. Papias fays, the Namto
was given it, quod fit alteriUs fententice Cput, or quiod
Capiat totam ftmmain. St. Aguijzine compares Chapters
to Inns; which refrefh the Reader, as thofe the Traveller.
f'I1e three CHAPTERS, is a Phrafe famous in Ecciefiafli-
cal Hiflory, fignifying a Volume publi(h'd by 'i'becdoret,
an Adherent of NeJiorius, again{l St. Cyril ; conpijling of
a Letter of Ibas, Prieft of Edefa to Mari'is, a Bifhop in
Perffa; of Extradfs from the Works of !Diodortis of Jar-
fits, and 7rheodorus of Mro/feflis, wherein the fame Doc-
trines were taught, that were contended for by Neflorins:
and of two Pieces of i'heodoret, the one againil the Council
of Etbeftis, the other ag'ainfl the Anathemas of St. Cyril.
Thefe make the three Chapters X which have been, fince,
condemn'd by various Councils and many Popes.
CHAPTREL. See IMPOST.
CHARACTER, or CARACTER, in its general Senfe,
fignifies a Mark, or Figure drawn on Paper, Metal, Stone,
or other Matter, with a Pen, Graver, Chifl~el, or other n -
firument, to fignify, or denote any thing.
The Word is Greek, XdaaoTtr, form'd from the Verb xatC&'-
attv, in/culpere, to ingrave, imprefs, &c.
The various Kinds of Cbaraaers may be reduc'd to three
Heads, viz. Literal Charaqers, Numeral Charaiqers, and
Abbreviations.
LITERAL CHAR ACTER, is a Letter of the Alphabet, ferv-
ing to indicate Come artrculate Sound, expreffive of Come
Idea, or Conception of the Mind. See ALPHABET.
Thefe may be divided, with regard to their Nature
and Ufe, into Nominal, Rea!, and Emblematical.
NoMinal CH AR ACTERS are thofe we properly call Letters;
which ferve to exprefs the Names of Things. See LETTER.
Rcal CHARACTERS, are thofe that initead of Names,
exprefs Things, and Ideas. See IDEA, CC.
Emblematical, or fynnbolical CHARACTERs, have this in
common with real ones, that they exprt-fs the Things
themfelves ; but have this further, that theymin Rome mea-
fure perfonate them, and exhibit their Form : Such are
the Hieroglyphics of the antienc Egyptians. See HIE6O-
GLYPHIC.
Literal Chaftr&ers may be again divided, with regard to
their Invention and Ufe, into Partrcu/ar and General.
'Particular CHARACTERS, are thofe peculiar to this, or
that Nation; or that have been fo: Such are Roman, Italic,
Greek, Hebre'w, Arabic, Gothic, Cbinefe, &c. Charatie us.
See ROMAN, ITALIC, GREEK, HEBREW, GOTHIC, CiHI-
NESE, SCc.
Univerfal CHARACTERS, are allo real Cbaratqers, and
make what Come Authors call a Philofophical Language.
That Diverfity of Characers us'd by the feveral Nations
to exprefs the fame Idea, is found the chief Obtlacle to the
Advancement of Learning; to remove this, leveral Au-
thors have taken occafion to propzfe Plans of C0aralers
that fhould be Univerfal, and which each People fhould
read in its own Language.  The Cbarader here to be
Real, not Nominal : to exprefs Things, and Notions ;
not, as the common ones, Letters, or Sounds : yet to be
mute, like Letters, and Arbitrary; not Emblematical, like
Hieroglyphics.
Thus, every one lhould retain their own Language, yet
every one underhand that of each other, without learning it;
only by feeing a Real or Univerfal CharaHer, which Ihould
fignify the Came to all People ; by what Sounds foever each
exprefs it in his particular Idiom. For Inflance, by feeing
the


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