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ARCTIC, ARCYICs, in Afironomy, an Epithet given
to the North-Pole, or the Pole rais'd above our Horizon.
ISee NORTII, and POLE.
'Tis call'd the Arffie Pole, on occafion of the Conflella-
tion of the little Bear, in Greek call'd c4x(9- ; the l Hi Star
in the Tale whereof, nearly points out the North Pole. See
URSA Minor.
ARCTICK Circle, is a leffer Circle of the Sphere, parallel
to the Equator, and 2  30' difcant from the North-Pole;
from whence its Name. See CIRCLE and SPHERE.
This, and its Oppofite, the Antaraick, are call'd the two
polar Circles; and may be conceived to be described by the
Motion of the Poles of the Ecliptick, round the Poles of the
Equator, or of the World. See POLE and POLAR.
A-RE, or A-LA-MIRE, one of the eight Notes in the
Scale of Mufick. See NOTE and SCALE.
ARCTOPHYLAX, in Afironomy, a Conflellation,
btherwife call'd B'ootes. See BooTEs.
ARCTURUS, in Afironomy, a Star, of the Conflel-
lation ArFiophylax, or Bootes. See BOOTES.
The Word is form'd of dpXTOS, Bear, and eg, Tail, q. d.
Bear's fail; as being very near it.-
It rifes on the firfi Day of September, and fets on the I 3th
Day of May; and has been fuppofed rarely to appear with-
out bringing fome Storm. See STAR.
ARCTOS, ARCTUS, in Aflronomy, a Name given by
the Greeks to two Conflellations of the northern Herni.
fphere; by the Latins called Urfa major and minor; and by
us the greater and little Bear. See URSA major and minor.
ARCUATION, is ufed by fome Writers in Surgery, for the
large Ca of the Bones; as in the Cafe of Rickets, ic. See
BONE, RICKETS, .c. C
ARCUATION, in Gardening, is the railing of Trees by
Layers. See TREE, NURSERY, LeC.
This, Switzer observes, is now the general Method of
raifing fuch Trees as can't be raifed from Seed, or that bear
no Seed; as Elm, Abele, Lime, Alder, Sallows, Fc. See
SEED, PLANTING, SC.
The firfi Thing here done, is to procure large firong Mo-
er- Plants, which the Author calls Stools.  Theta being
planted in a Trench, will throw out twenty, thirty, forty, or
fifty Plants a-piece; which may be begun to lay about Mi-
cbaelmas following; at which Time, if the Stools have been
carefully managed, they will have lhot five, fix, or more
main Branches out of the Root, and on every one of there,
as many fide or collateral Branches.
Thefe main Branches are to be bent down to the Ground,
and when thus laid quite round the Stool, and pegged fail
down, the fmall ones may be ferv'd in the fame manner.
Thus the main Branches are to be cover'd over, all except the
Top; and the fmall, or Side-Branches, to be cover'd over
two or three Inches thick upon the Joints. This done, they
may be treaded to make them take Root the better.
About the Middle of September they may be opened;
when it is probable they will have taken Root: Other-
wife, they may lie till next Spring; then taking them up,
plant them in the Nurfery. See NURSERY.
ARDENT, ARDENS, fomething hot, and, as it were,
burning. See HEAT, and BURNING.
The Word is fornif'd of the Latin Ardere, to burn.
ARDENT Fever, is a violent burning Fever. See FEVER.
AREA, properly denotes any plain Surface whereon we
walk. See SURFACE.
The Word is Latin, and originally fignifies a t71rraj/ling-
Floor; form'd of the Verb Areo. See THRASnING.
AREA, in Matters of Building, fignifies the Extent of
the Floor. See FLOOR.
AREA, in Geometry, denotes the Compafs or Superficial
Content of any Figure. See FIGURE and CONTENT; fee
alfo SUPERFICIES.
Thus if a Figure, e. gr. a Field, be in Form of a Square,
and its Side be 46 Foot long, its Area is faid to be 16oo
fquare Feet, or contains i6oo little Squares, each a Foot
every Way. See SQUARE and MEASURE.
Hence, to find the Area of a Y'riangle, Square, Paral-
lelogram, Reclangle, 2'rapezium, Rhombus, Polygon, Circle,
or other Figure, is to find the Magnitude or Capacity there-
of in fquare Meafures-To do which, fee under the Articles
TRIANGLE, SQZARE, PARALLELOGRAM, RECTANGLEt
TRAPEZIUM, RHOMBUS, POLYGON, CIRCLE, OC.
To find the Area of Fields, and other Inclofures; they
firft furvey or take the Angles thereof, then plot them on
Paper, and thus cafl up their Contents in Acres, Roods, E5c.
after the ufual manner of other plain' Figures -See SURvEY-
ING, PLOTTING, CeC.
The Law by which the Planets move round the Sun, is
this, that a Line or Radius drawn from the Centre of the
Sun to the Centre of the Planet, always fweeps or defcribes
Elliptic Areas proportional to the Times. Thus, the Sun
being -fuppofed in S, and a Planet in A, (2Tab. Afironomy,
Fig 6-5) and letting it proceed in any givehn Time, to B. In
itch Progrefs8 its Radius A Si will have defcribed the Area


ARE


A S B. Suppofe again, the Planet to be arrived to P; theit
the Elliptic Space P S D being drawn equal to the other
A S B, the Planet will move thro' the Arch P D in the fame\
Time as thro' the Arch A B. See PLANET and tELLiSIS.
Sir I. Newton demonfirates, that whatever Bodies do ob-
ferve fuch Law in their Motions about any other Body, do
gravitate towards fuchBody. See GRAvIrATIoNandNE.W
TONI4.N Philofophy.
AREA, is alfo ufed in Medicine, for a Difeafe which nMakes
the Hair fall. See HAIR.
The Area is' a general kind of Depilation, and is diflin.
guifhed into two Kinds, Alopecia and Ophiafis. See ALO-
PECIA, FeC
ARENATION, among Phyficians, a kind of dry Bath,
when the Patient fits with his Feet upon hot Sand. See
BATH, BALNEUM.
AkEOLA, or AREOLA MAMILLAR.IS, in Anatomy, the
Circle which furrounds the Nipple. See BREAST.
ARETOLOGY, ARETOLOG IA, that part of moral Phi-
lofopher which treats of Virtue; its Nature, and the Means
of arriving at it. See VIRTUE.
ARDENT Spirits, are thofe diflll'd from fermented Ve-
getables; thus call'd becaufe they will take Fire and burn.
See SPIRiT, DISTILLATION, and FERMENTATION.
Such are Brandy, Spirits of Wine, _)c. See BRANDY, SC,
ARDERS, are Fallowings or Plowings of Grounds.
ARDOR Ventriculi, a Heat in the Stomach, ufually
exprelfed by the Word Heart-burn, or Cardialgy. See CAR-
DIALGY, &C.
ARENA, among the Romains, fornetimes fignified the
fame with Circus, or nimphitbeatrc, viz. a Place where the
Gladiators had their Combats. See CIRCUS, .AMaI1THE-
A T R E, GC.
But, properly fpeaking, A4rena was only the Pit or Space in
the Middle ofthofe Places.-The Arena was the fame thing
with regard to the Gladiators, that the Canmpits or Field,
was to Soldiers and Armies, viz. the Place where they
fought.-And he who fought in the Arena was called Are-
narius. See GLADIATOR.
The Word is originally Latin, and figni.es Sand, in re-
gard the Place was always flrew'd with Sand, to conceal
from the View of the People, the Blood fpilt in the Com-
bat.
AREOPAGUS, in Antiquity, a celebrated Tribunal of
the Athenians.
Some imagine the Areopagus the proper Name of a
Court of Juflice, fituate on a Hill, in Atheins; and that in
this Court the Senate of that illufirious City affembled.-
Others fay that Areopagus was the Name of the whole Su-
burbs of.Athens, wherein flood the Hill on which the Court
was built: And the Name Areopagus feems to countenance
this lafi Opinion; for it fignifies literally, the HllH or;Rock
of Mars, from arc, Hill, and AXE, belongirg to Mars.
In effe&, the Denomination might either arife hence, that
the Areopagus was built in a Place where had been a Tem-
ple of Afars ; or becaufe the firfil Caufe pleaded there, was
that of this God, who was accufed of killing Neptune; or
elfe becaufe Mars was there condemn'd for Adultery.
This Tribunal was in great Reputation among the Greeks;
and the Romans themfelves had fo high an Opinion of it,
that they trufced many of their difficult Caufes to its De-
cifion.
Authors are not agreed about the Number of the Judges'
who compos'd this augufi Court.-Some reckon thirty-one,^
others fifty-one, and others five hundred: In e&hffl their
Number feems not to have been fix'd, but was more or lefs
every Year.-By an Infcription quoted by Volateranus, it
appears they were then 3oo.
At firft this Tribunal only confifled of nine Perfons, who
had all discharged the Office of Archons.-Their Salary
was equal, and paid out of the Treafury of the Republick:
They had three Oboli for each Caufe.
The A4reopagites were Judges for Life.-They never fat
in Judgment but in the Night-tini'e, to the Intent that their
Minds might be more prefent and attentive, and that no Ob-
jeal, either of Pity or Averfion, might make any Im preffion
upon them.-All Pleadings before them, were to be in the
fimplefl and mofi naked Terms; without Exordiumn, Epi-.
logue, Pailions $Go  See EXORDIuM, EPILOGUE, UC.
At firfi they only took Cognizance of criminal Caufes, but
in courfe of Time their Jurifdiffion became of greater
Extent. --Mr. Spon, who examined the Antiquities of
that illuffrious City, found fome Remains of the Areopagus
[ill exifling, in the middle of the Temple of Pl'efeeis, which'
was heretofore in the middle of the City, but is now with-'
out the Walls.-The Foundation of the _Ireopaglis is a Semi-
circle, with an Efplanade of 140 Paces around it,, which'
properly made the Hall of the Areopagus- There is a Tri-
bunal cut in the middle of a Rock, with Seats on each Side
of it, where the Areopagites fat, expos'd to the open Air.
This Court is faid by fome to have been inflituted by
olon i but others carry it much higher, andaffirr if; to have"
been'


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