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Beyond the Nave was the Choir, Ados, fet with Seats,
and round: the firfi Seat on the right, next the Sanauary,
being for the Chantor, or Choragus. See CHANTOR, CC.
From the Choir, they afcended by Steps to the Sanitfa-
0y, which was enter'd at three Doors. The Santuary had
three ApAides in its length5 a great one in the middle; un-
der which was the Altar, crown'd with a Baldaquin, fup-
ported by four Columns: See SANCTUARY, BALDAQIIN,
Cec. Under each of the fmall Ap4des, was a kind of a Ta-
ble, or Cupboard, in manner of a BufTet. See APsiiEs,ec.
Tho, of the Greek Churches now remaining, few have
all the Parts above defcrib'd ; mofl of 'em having been re-
duc'd to Ruins. or converted into Mofques.
M. Frezier, Engineer to the French King, and F. Cor-
demoy, a Regular Canon, have difputed theFormof the an-
tient and modern Churches, and the befi manner of build-
ing them, with a good deal of Learning, in the 7ournals
de 1'revoux.
For the Form of the Latin Churches, tho it be various,
yet may all the Variety be reduc'd to two Heads; 'viz.
thofe in form of a Ship, and thofe of a Crofs.
CHu7RcH-rard, a facred Place, deflin'd for the Interment
of the Deceas'd. See BURI kL, FUNERAL, ec.
In the primitive Times, the Chriflians held their Meet-
ings in Church-yards, as we are inform'd by Eufebius, Lib.
vii. and 7ertullian, who calls thofe Church-yards where
the People us'd to meet to pray, Areas. Eufebius adds,
that Valerian having confifcated the Church-yards, and
Places deffin'd for the Worlhip of God; Gallian reffor'd 'em
by a publick Refcript, rehears'd by the fame Author. From
thefe Pafhges, it feems as if Cburch-yards, and Places of
Worfhip, were us'd indifferently for the fame thing.
The Heathen Writers frequently upbraid the primitive
Chriflians for their meeting in Church-yards; as if they
ferv'd other Purpofes befides thofe of Religion. The Coun-
cil of Elvira prohibits the keeping of Tapers lighted in
Church-yards, during the Day-time; and by another Ca-
non, the Women from paffing the Night watching in
Church-yards.
The Cuffom of bleffing Church-yards is of an old fland-
ing: the Method was, for the Bi/hop to go round it with
his Crofier, or pafloral Staff, and to fprinkle it with forne
confecrated Fluid.  Lobineani fays, the Holy Water-Pot
was carry'd before him.
Antiently, all were bury'd in Churcb-yards; none in
Churches. From the Bodies of Martyrs, 05c. being depo-
fited here, the Chriffians chofe particularly to build their
Churches in them, when Conflantine gave them the li-
berty: and hence 7illemont derives that Cuflom which fill
obtains in the Romijh Church, never to consecrate any Al-
tar, without depofiting in it the Relicks of fome Martyr.
Chorier obferves, that under Church-yard, CGrrmeterium,
Xo6~u1px~op, was antiently comprehended, not only the flri&
Dormitory, or Place where the Dead were difpos'd ; but
all the Lands which encompafs'd the Parifh.Churches, and
were contiguous to the real Churches. Perhaps it might be
added, that all the Church Domains were compriz'd under
Church-yard. This will beff account for that Confifcation
of the Church-yards, charg'd on Valerian.
CHURCH-SCOT, or CHURCHESSET, a Payment, or Con-
tribution, by the Latin Writers frequently call'd Primitie
femfinlum ; being, at firff, a Quantity of Corn, paid to the
Priefd on St. Martin's Day, as the Firi-Fruits of Harvefl.
See PRIMITIxE, and FIRsT-Fruits.
This was enjoin'd by the Laws of King Malcolm IV. and
Canut. c. Io. But after this Church-Scot came to fignify a
Referve of Corn-Rent paid to the Secular Prieffs, or to the
Religious; and Sometimes was taken in fo general a Senfe
as to include Poultry, or any other Provifion that was paid
in kind to the Religious. See TITHES.
CHuRcH-Government, Difcipline, &c. See ECCLESIAS-
TICAL Government, &c.
CHuRcn-Reves. See CHuRcH-Wardens.
CHuRcH-Wardens, antiently call'd CHuRCH-Reves, are
Officers chofen yearly by the Parfon and his Parifhioners, ac-
cording to the Cuflom of the Place.
Their Bufinefs is to look to the Church, Church-yard,
Church-Revenues, &c. to obferve the Behaviour of the
Parilhioners with regard to Faults that come under the Ju-
rifdiaion of the Ecclefiaflical Court; to prefent Scandalous
Livers to the Bilhop; take care none preach without Li-
cence, Fec.
The Churchb-Wardens are a kind of Corporation; and are
enabled by Law to fue and be fued for any thine belonging
to the Church, or the Poor of the Parilh. See I'ARISH.
CHYLE, or CHYME, in the Animal Oeconomy, a whi-
tifh Juice, into which the Food is immediately converted by
Digeflion, or, more properly, by that Branch thereof call'd
Chylification. See CHYLIFICATION, DIGESTION, eC.
The Chyle, Dr. Drake obferves, is nothing but a Mix-
ture of the oil and aqueous Parts of the Food, incorpora-
ted with the faline ones; which, while they yet remain


C H Y


mix'd with the grofTer Parts in the Stomach, ma]
whitiflh, artly luid Mafs, called Chyme: whic
as it is reduc'd to a Confiflence loofe enough to b
to the Preffure and periflaltic Motion of the Si
gradually thrufi out at the Pylorus into the fZ
and denominated Chyle.
Thus is the Chyle begun to te form'd in the
it is perfected in the Inteffines by the Mixture i
.and the pancreatic Juice; and is thence receiv4


Lafleal Veins, which carry it to the Receptaculum
or Pecquets Refervatory: thence it paffes into the r
cic Du&. which terminates in the left Subclavian


In this Vein, the C6hyle firf{ begins to mix with the B14
into which it is afterwards converted by the Aaion ci
Sanguification. See BtooD.
The Antients fuppos'd the Chyle was chang'd into E
in the Liver; others of 'em in the Heart: but the
derns, with more reafon, take the Change to be effe&e
the Blood it Self, in all the Parts of the Body. See
GUIFICATION.
Some take Chyle to be the immediate Matter of N
tion; others the Blood. See NUTRITION.
The Word comes from the Greek xvAo;, 7uice.
Dr. Lifier is of Opinion, that in the Digeflion of I
in the Stomach, there is made a Separation, or Solutii
urinous Salts, no otherwife than in the rotting of Plant
Animals: that the Chyle is highly impregnated with
urinous Salt ; that it owes its whitenefs to the Ferme
tion it acquires from that Mixture: That the falt C1h


convey a into the venal Blood, and with itenters the Heart,
and is thence thrown out Chyle, as it comes in, by a conti-
nual Pulfation, into the Arteries: that as oft as it enters the
Emulgent Arteries, it leaves behind part' of its faline Li-
quor, or Urine, and confequently abates of its Colour: That
when fufficiently freed of its Salts, it becomes a Lympha;
which feems to be nothing elfe but the Refidue of the Chyle
not yet converted into Blood; as not yet fufficiently depu-
rated of its faline Particles. See LYMPH A.
CHYLIFICATION, the Formation of the Chyle; or the
A&k whereby the Food is changd into Chyle. See FOOD,
and CHYLE.
Chylification is begun by comminuting, or breaking the
Aliment in the Mouth, mixing it with Saliva, and chew.
ing it with the Teeth. See MASTICATION.
By fuch means, the Food is reduc'd into a kind of Pulp,
which falling thro' the Oefophagus into the warm Stomach,
mixes with the Juices thereof; and is thus diluted, begins
to ferment, or putrefy, and affumes a very different form
from what it had before; growing either acid or rancid.
Here it mixes with a Juice feparated from the Blood by
the Glands of that Part, whofe Excretory Ducas open into
the Stomach ; as alfo with the Remains of the former Ali-
ment : and thus it becomes better macerated, diluted, dif-
folv'd, and acquires fill a greater likenefs to the Animal
Fluids, and is called Chyme. See CONCOCTION.
Add to this, that the flelhy Membrane of the Stomach
continually contracling and preffing its Contents by its peri-
ftaltic Motion, occafions a more intimate Mixture, and by
degrees works out the more fluid Parts thro' the -Pylorus
into the Dnuodenum; along the Sides whereof, and the ref
of the Inteflmna frenuia, the Lacleals are planted; into the
minute Orifices whereof, the finer Parts of the Mafs is re-
ceiv'd. See PERISTALTIC Motion, INTESTINES, and LAC-
TEALS.
The Fabrick of the Stomach being confider'd, the Heat
of the circumambient Parts, the Pulfations of innumerable
Arteries, the great Stroaks of the Aorta underneath, the
conflant Compreflion of the fDiaphragma and Abdominal
Mufcles; it muff necefarily follow, that the finer Parts of
the Aliment will be firfi expell'd the Stomach - and that-
the groffer will remain; till, by the repeated Agion of the
Fluids, and the Contraction and Pulfation of the Solids,
they alfo become fine enough to go off: thus is the Sto-
mach left empty; and by means of its mufcular Coat, re-
duc'd to a State of Contracfion, and Appetite renew'd. See
HUNGER.


Thus will even the flefhy Membranes, Cartilages, E'c. c


Animals ted on, be Iqueez'd, and oblig'd to give our
Juices; land thus is a Fluid obtain'd, that fhall have it
meafure the fame Properties with thofe of our Bodie
The Juice being got thro' the Pylorus into the Inte
its Liquefaaion is till promoted by its mixture wit]
other Diffolvents, the pancreatic Juice and the Bile;
divide and fubtilize thofe Parts that were lefi too
and by the periflaltic Motion of the Guts it is prot
forwards. fn the Paffage thro' the fmall Inteftine
finer Part of the Mafs, which we call the Chyle, ente
Orifices of the Lacteal Veins of the firft Kind, whet
the whole Mefentery is intermix'd; which either alo;
together with the Mefaraic Veins, discharge tbemfelve
the Glands at the Bafis of the Mefentery.


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