C H O


(!20 )


o


MRethod oj fmaking CHOCOLATE, nOwV it; ufe among the
Spaniards of Mexico.
The Fruit being gather'd from the Cacao Tree, is dry'd
in the Sun, and the Kernel taken out, and roafled at the
Fire, in Iron Peels pierc'd full of Holes, then pounded
in a Mortar; then ground on a Marble Stone, with a Grind-
er of the fame Matter, till it he brought into the Confif-
tence of a Palle; mixing with it more or lefs Sugar, as it
is to be more or lefs fweet. In proportion as the Pafie ad-
vances, they add fome long Pepper, a little Achiot, and
lailly Vanilla: Some add Cinnamon, Cloves, and Anis;
and thofe who love Perfumes, Mufk and Ambergris.
There is alfo a kind of Mexican Chocolate in the Corn-
pofition whereof there enter Almonds and Filberts; but
'tis rather to fpare the Cacao, than to render the Chocolate
better: and accordingly, this is look'd on as fophiflicated
Chocolate.
Salve CHOCOLATE made in Spain, difTers fomewhat from
that made in Mexico ; For befides the Drugs us'd in this
lail, they add two or three Kinds of Flowers, Pods of Cam-
peche, and generally Almonds and Hazle Nuts. The ufual
proportion, at Madrid, is to a hundred Kernels of Cacao,
to add two Grains of Chile', or Mexican Pepper, or in lieu
thereof Indian Pepper ; a handful of Anis; as many
Flowers, call'd by the Natives Vinacaxtlides, or littleEars;
fix white Rofes in pouder a little Machufia; a Pod of
Camrpeche; two Drachms of Cinnamon; a dozen Al-
monds, and at many Hazle Nuts; with Acbiott enough to
give it a reddifh Tindure. The Sugar and Vanilla are
mix'd at Difcretion; as alfo the Mufk and Ambergriefe.
They frequently work their Pafle with Orange-Water, which
they think gives it a greater confiflence and firmnefs.
The Paile is ufually made up into Cakes, Sometimes into
large Rolls.
Sometimes the Cakes are made up of pure Cbocolate,
without any Admixture ; thofe who ufe it being to add
what Quantity they pleafe of Sugar, Cinnamon, and Va-
fvilla, when in the Water.
Among us, in England, the Chocolate is chiefly made
thus fimrple and unmix'd, (tho perhaps not unadulterated)
of the Kernel of the Cacao; excepting that fometimes
Sugar, and fometimes Vanilla is added: any other In-
gredients are fcarce known among us.
The newell Chocolate is efleem'd the beil ; the Drug
never keeping well above two Years; but ufually degene-
rating much before that time.
'Tis kept in brown Paper, difpos'd in a Box; and that
in another, in a dry Place.
T'le Manner of preparing the Mafs into a Liquor, with
the Proportions, are various: Ordinarily, the Chocolate is
boil'd in Water, Sometimes in Milk; and Sometimes, by
good Occonomills, in Water-Gruel: when boil'd, 'tis mill'd,
or agitated with a wooden Machine for the purpofe, and
boil'd again, till it be of the proper Confiflence for drink-
ing; then fugar'd, if the Mafs were pure; mill'd afrefh;
and pour'd off.
Note, the befi Chocolate is that which difrolves entirely
in the Water, leaving no Grounds, or Sediment at the bot-
tom of the Pot.
There is a Difpute among the Cafuifls, whether or no
Chocolate break the Fafi ? The Negative is very fliffly af-
ferted by Car. Brancaccio, who has wrote expressly on the
Subiedc: tho Stabe, an Englzijh Phyfician, has endeavour'd
to fhew, that there is more nutritious Juice in an Ounce of
Cacao, than in a Pound of Beef or Mutton.
The Quantity of Chocolate made in New Spain is fuch,
that there are annually us'd twelve Millions of Pounds of Su-
gar in the Preparation thereof. The Spaniards efleem it
the lafi Misfortune that can befall a Man, to be reduc'd to
want Chocolate; They are never known to quit it, except-
ing for fome-other Liquor that will fuddle.
CHOIR, that part of a Church, Cathedral, Wc. where
the Priefls, and Chorifiers, or Singers, are difpos'd. See
CHURCH.
The Choir is diffinguifli'dfrom the Chancel, or Sandua-
ry, where the Communion is celebrated ; as alfo from the
Nave, or Body of the Church, wheie the People affiri.
The Patron is faid to be oblig'd to repair the Choir of a
Church; and the Parifhioners the Nave.
The Choir was not feparated from the Nave, till the
Time of Confiantine: From that Time the Choir was rail'd
in with a Ballufirade, with Curtains drawn over, not to be
open'd till after the Confecration.
In the XlIth Century they began to enclofe the Choir
with Walls: But the antient Ballufirades have been fince
reflor'd; out of a View to the Beauty of the Architedure.
The Chantor is Mailer of the Choir. See CH ANTOR.
In Nunneries, the Choir is a large Hall, adjoining to the
Body of the Church ; feparated by a Grate, where the
Religious fing the Office.
The Word, according to Ifidore, is derived a Coronis cir-
tUmfantiulx i becaufe, antiently, the Chorifters were dif-


pos'd round the Altar to lng: which is fill the
building Altars among the Greeks.
CHOLAGOGUE, a Medicine which purge
downward. See BILE, PURGATIVE, EC.
Of thefe fome are fimple, others compound
the one and the other diffinguilh'd into three K
regard to their Adfivity ; the benign, the mod
the violent.
Of the firfi kind are Manna, Caffia, Rofes,Tam
.Of the fecond, Sena, Rhubarb, Aloes, j'c.
Of the third, Jalop, Scammony, Eec. See eac
Article, MANNA, CASSIA, SENA, SC.
The Word comes from      Bi file, and TeYir, i


CHOLER. See BILE.
CHOLERA-Morbus, a fudden overflowing of the Bilej
both upwards and downwards. See BILE.
It is fuppos'd to have its rife from the great Abundance
of bilious Humours, which being very acrimonious, vellicate
the Membranes of the Stomach and Inteflines; and by
that means occafion unufual and violent Contradions.
'Tis very dangerous: Whence the French antiently cal-
led it 7irozuoe-Galand.
It has its Name, either from the great Quantity of Cho.
leI it evacuates; or becaufe the Matter is incefrantly ex-
pell'd at the Inteffines, which they antiently call'd Cholades.
Dr. Sydenbam obferves, it generally attacks about the
latter end of Summer; and proceeds, not unfrequently,
from Surfeits : That the Cure depends upon large Quanti-
ties of Chicken-Broth, drank fo as to excite Vomiting plen.
tifully; and that the Broth is alfo to be injeded Clyller-
wife : after which, he fays, the Cure is to be compleated
by Laudanum, given at proper Intervals, and in proper
Dofes.
The Remedy in the Indies for the Cholera Morbus, or,
Mandechin, is to keep the Patient from drinking; and to
burn the Soals of his Feet.
CHOLIDOCHUS, in Anatomy, a Term apply'd to a


Canal, or Dua, called alfo D)u2duls Communis v form
the Union of the Porus !Bilarius, and Duaut6 s CyJ
See DUCT.
The Cholidocus Duhus, paffing obliquely to the
End of the Duodenum, ferves to convey the Bile fror
Liver to the Inteflines.
Some have imagin'd, that it convey'd the Bile from
Liver to the Gall-Bladder: but it being obferv'd, thE
the Duodenum, not the Gall-Bladder, that fwells
blowing thro' this Dudt; 'tis evident the Bile cont
therein, is convey'd no where elfe but to the DZ/uode
See BILE, LIVER, GALL-Blladder, &c.
The Word comes from the Greek VA:, and the
Duco, I draw, lead, &c.
CHONDROGLOSSUM, in Anatomy, a very fmal
of Mufcles of the Tongue, mention'd by Verheyen, at
veral other Authors, exceedingly'fhort and narrow; a
from the cartilaginous Procelfes of the Os Hyoides,
meeting in the Middle of the Bafis of the Tongue,
they are inferted, forming an Arch under it.
This Pair of Mufcles is not found in all Subjeas; wi
fome have queflion'd its Exitlence X but Nature tak
many Liberties, in Matters even of greater moment t]
Pair of Mufcles; that we need not on that fcore di
the Veracity of fo many Authors as profefs to have fee
CHOP-CHURCH, or Church-Chopler, a Name,
ther Nickname given to Parfons who make a Praffice o
changing Benefices.
Chop-Church is us'd in an antient Statute as a 1<
Trade, or Occupation; and fome of the Judges fay it i
good Addition. IlBrook holds, that it was no Occupy
but a thing permiflible by Law.
CHOPIN, or CHOPINE, a French liquid Meal
containing half their Pint. See MEASURE'
The Paris Chopin is nearly equal to the EngliJh
A Chopin of common Water weighs a Paris Pound.
CHORD, or CORD, primarily denotes a fender I
or Cordage. See CORDAGE.
The Word is form'd of the Latin Cborda, and that
the Greek Sewn, a great Gut, whereof Strings may be n
CnoDius, or CoRDs, in Mufick, are the Strings, or I
by whofe Vibrations the Senfation of Sound is exci
and by whofe Divifions the feveral Degrees of Tun,
determin'd. See SoUND, and TUNE.
Some fay, they are called Cords, or Chords, fron
Greek Xofcte4 a Name the Phyficians give to the Intefl
in regard, the Strings of Mufical Inilruments are ordih
made of Guts: Others are made of Brafs or Iron N
as thofse of Spinets, Harpfichords, Tfc.
Chords of Gold Wire, in Harpfichords, yield a Soui
moft twice as firong as thofe of Bra fs: Chords, or Strir
Steel, yield a feebler Sound than thofe of Brafsi as i
both lefs heavy, and lefI dudile.


i
i
p
p
9
V


R
I
59
R
i
N
m
i
P
n
i
Ii
II
R
I
I
I
I
I