P H O


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P H 0


The Jeold Phofpborw never fpoils, provided it bN kept in
a Phiol full of Water; that in form of an Unguent does
not keep So well; and the liquid Phefpborw worfl of all.
The Liquid Phofphorm is made by digeiling in Horfe-Dung,
a little Bit or Come Scrapings of the Solid, for two Days,
in Oil, or Effence, of Cloves, Oil of Turpentine, or the like.
After Diffolution the Oil will be Co impregnated with it,
that upon opening the Bottle, the Matter will appear on a
Flame.
Experiments with the Liquid Phofphoruw.
By wafhing the Face, Hands, or the like, with the Li-
qid Phofphors, Dr. Slare tells us, they will be made to
Tine very conliderably in the Dark, and the Luftre thereof
be communicated to adjacent Objeffs, yet without any Of-
fence to the Skin.
As Coon as a Candle is brought in, the Shining difappears,
and no Change perceivable.
This Phofphorsu emits frequent Flafhes like Lightning,
even when clofe ftopp'd; efpecially in warm Weather.
Hence Mr. Boyle takes occafion to draw a Parallel between
lightning and Phofphorw.
The fecond Kind of Artificial Pborphoruw, is a Prepara-
tion of a Stone cali'd the Bolonian Stone, from a City of
that Name in Italy nigh which it is found.
The tirfl who undertook-to make this Stone luminous,
was a Chymiif of that City call'd Tincenzo Cafciarolo.
Poterus, Licetus, &c. have described the Procefs, but ni-
flakenly: M. Homberg, who made a Journey to Italy ex-
prefsly to learn the Preparation, firft communicated the
fame to M. Lemery, who publila'd it in the 7th Edition of
his Chymifry. See the Method under the Article BoLo-
NIAN Stone.
This Phofiphora has not any fenfible Heat; and only be-
comes luminous after being expos'd to the Sun, or the Day-
light, when it resembles a burning Coal, and preferves its
Light five or fix Minutes in the dark, during which Time
it dwindles; and to recover its Light muft be expofed a-
frefh to the Air.
The third Kind of Phofihorum call'd the Hermetic PHo-
SPHORUS or PHOSPHORUS Baldulini, is a Preparation of
Engli/h Chalk, with Aquaforti or Spirit of Nitre by the Fire.
This makes a Body confiderably fofter than the Bolonian
Stone; but it has all the Qualities thereof.
It has its Name from its Inventor Balduin, a German
Chymift, call'd Hermes, in the Society of the Nature Cu-
rioforum, whence its other Name Hermetic.
Some of the late Chymifts have hit on other Sorts of
Phofiphori.
Monrf romberg, in a Procefs upon the Fecal Matter,
happening to calcine it with Alum, accidentally produced
a newr Phofphortu, in form of a Powder, the leaft quantity
of which taken out of a clofe Veffel, and expofed to the
Air upon a Piece of Paper, in a Moment's Time would
take Fire, and fet the Paper a fmoaking, and presently
burn it or any conibuftible Matter it came near.
This it would do, equally by Night and Day; and with-
out rubbing or heating, or mixing it with any other thing
to promote the Inflammation; in which he obferves, it
differ'd from all the artificial Phofpl7eri hitherto known.
For that e. gr. of Urine, requires a Cniall Degree of Warmth
to enable it to fhine, or take Fire; and the Bolonian Stone,
and Pb'ofphorus Balduini only fhine by Day-Light.
In E&eCt, Ma Lemery the younger has at length difcover'd
that there is fcarce any Animal or Vegetable Matter but
will afford Pbofphormu.-This he experienced in the Seeds
Farinxi Honey, Sugars Leaves, Flowers, Woods, Roots
and Oils of divers Plants; the Blood and Flefh of Calves,
Sheep, Flies, Worms; the Yolks of Eggs, &c. The human
Scull, Bones, Fat, Nails; and the Dung of all Animals.
The principal thing added to all there Matters to make
Phofphorus of them, is Alum, which is indifpenfibly re-
quifte; nor can any other Salt how near a-kin foever here-
to, even tho' it yield the very fame Principles, be fubftitu-
ted hereto. As to the Means, or the Operation whereby it
is to be made, Calcination appears to be the efferitial Part.
Phyfical Caufe of the Phenomena of Phofphorus.
As to the Rationale of the Effefs, it may be obferv'd,
that in moft of the Natural Pbofpbori, there is a brisk At-
trition or Friftion concern'd; which we may fuppofe ei-
ther to give the minute Parts of the Subftance the proper
Motion and Agitation neceffary to convert them into Fire,
If Fire be fo producible, (as Bacon, Boyle, Newton, and the
generality of the English Philofophers have fuppofed it is)
or to expel and emit the Particles of Fire naturally con-
tained in them.  See FIRE, FLAME, FRICTION, ASTRI-
TION, &C.
In the FaEftious Sorts, we may note, that a long Pro-
cers by Fire is ufually required, wherein the Matter under-


goes divers Coftilons, Torrefaftions, Calcinationsi Diftil-
lations, &c. in the Courfe whereof a confiderable Quan-
tity of Fire muft neceflarily be imbibed, and may poflibly
be retain'd therein.
In that e. gr. prepared of the Fecal M.tter, M. Hom-
berg obferves, the aqueous Part of the Subftance muff ne-
cefTarily have all been evaporated, with the greateff Part of
the Oil and volatile Salt, leaving Pores or Vacuities in the
Places they poffefs'd; fo that what remains, is a fpongeout
Tifihe of Earth and fix'd Salt, having nothing in its Loculi,
or Cavities, but fome of the Matter of the Fire which has
been arrefted and detain'd therein; much as in Quick-Lime.
This being fuppofed, we know that the fix'd Salt, which
is here pretty copious, will readily abforb the Moifture or
the contiguous Air; and the Cudden Introduffion of fuch
Moilture into the Pores of the Powder muff produce a
Friffion, which may excite a fmall Degree of Heat; and
this join'd with what Fire was there already laid up, may
make a Heat fufficient to give Fire to the fmall Remains
of Oil too clofely link'd with the Salt to have been carried
off by the Calcining Fire: So that we have here every thing
neceflfary to Heat and Light. See HEAT, &Cc.
What confirms this Do&rine is, that if the Powder be-
kept in a Veffel not fufficiently clofe; the Air, infinuating
by Degrees, moiftens and Saturates the Powder, but Co
flowly, as not to produce Friffion enough to fet it on Fire;
fo that it is fpoilt, and difabled from taking Fire ever
after: much as Quick-Lime, which after it has lain fome
time in the Air, ceafes to grow hot even by the Affufion of
Water.
The Reafon why Quick-Lime, which contains a deal of
Particles of Fire, as well as our Powder, does not conceive
Heat by the Accefs of the Air, or the Ingrefs of its Moi-
Iture into the Pores thereof, but that Water mutf be
thrown thereon, is, that the Quick-Lime being more
throughly calcined retains too little fix'd Salt to imbibe
the Moiflure readily and copioufly enough to excite the ne-
ceffary Friftion.
And the Reafon why Quick-Lime does not produce a
Flame, as the Powder does, even when Water is caft on it,
is, that it did not retain enough of the Oily Matter to af-
ford Flame: For if Oil be mix'd with it, a Flame will rea-
dily enfue.  Mem. de l'Acad. An. 171 1.
PHOSPHORUS in Aftronomy, is the Morning-Star, or
the Planet Venw, when Tie goesbefore the Sun. SeeVENus.~
The Latins call it Lucifer. The French, Etoile de Berger.
The Greeks, Phofphorm, from US, Light, and 4fw I bear,
bring.
PHOTASCIATERICA) a Term Come Authors ufe for
the Art of Dialling. See DIALLING.
The Names is derived hence, that the Art not only
Thews the Hours by the Shadows of a Gnomon, whence
it is call'd Sciaterica, from oxax, Shadow; But Ibmetimes
alfo by means of the Sun's Light, as in Spot-Dials, Refle&-
ing-Dials, &-c. from Ads Lux, Light. See DIAL.
PHOTINIANS, a Se& of ancient Hereticks, who de-
nied the Divinity of Jefm Chrifr. See HERETICK.
They took their Name from Photinus their Chief, Bifhop
of Sirmium, and Difciple of Marcellus.
He maintained, as Leo tells us in one of his Sermons,
that Yefus Chri/f was true Man, but not true God, nor born
before all Ages; that he only began to be Chriff when the
Holy Ghofr descended upon him; and that he was call'd
only Son, for no other Reafon but becaufe the Virgin had no
other.
He was convidted of his Error, and depofed by a Synod
of Arians held at Sirmium in 351.
PHRASE, PH R A S I S. in Grammar, a certain elegant
Fafhion or Manner of Speech, peculiarly belonging to this
or that Occafion, this or that Art, or this or that Language.
Thus we fay an Italian Phrafe, an Eaftern Phrafe; a
Poetical Phrafe, or Rhetorical Phrafe. See IDIOM.
A few elegant Phrafes, pertinently applied, are an Or-
nament of Difcourfe; but if they conme too thick they
have an ill Effe&, and make the Style favour of A e&ation.
See STYLE.
The Word Phrafe is Sometimes alfo ufed for a Short Sen-
tence, or fmall Set or Circuit of Words confiruded toge-
ther. See SENTENCE.
In this Senfie Father Buffer divides Phrafes into Compleat
and Incompleat.
Phrafes are Compleat where there is a Noun and a Verb,
each in its proper Funrion, i. e. where the Noun expreffes
a Subjeft, and the Verb the thing affirm'd of it.
Incompleat Pbrafes are thofe where the Noun and Verb
together only do the Office of a Noun; confiling of feveral
- Words without affirming any thing, and which might be
cxprefs'd in a fingle Word.
Thus, that which is true, is an incompleat Phrafe, which
- might be exprefed in one Word, Truth: as, that which
is