silica sand had fluctuated since 1983 and
was expected to continue fluctuating
because of strong competition among
producers for retention of dwindling
markets for traditional uses.
Possible Supply-Deannd Changes
Several factors could affect supply-
demand relationships for silica sand.
Further increases in the development of
substitute materials for glass and cast metals
could reduce demand for glass sand and
foundry sand. These substitutes, mainly
polymers and ceramics, would likely
increase demand for ground silica, which is
used as a filler in plastics; for glass fibers,
which are used in reinforced plastics; and
for silica, either chemically, whole grain, or
ground, which is used to manufacture
ceramics. Also, increased efforts to reduce
waste and increase recycling could hinder
glass sand  demand.    However, with
advances in high-tech materials, silica sand
may see increased consumption for fiber
optics and other silicon and glass
compounds. Although developments could
cause demand for silica sand to decrease,
the total value of production could increase
because of the increased unit value of the
more specialized sands.
An increase in the price of oil on the
international market would stimulate
domestic drilling and extraction from new
and old oil deposits. This would increase
demand for domestic hydraulic fracturing
sand.
Concern over the use of silica as an
abrasive due to health concerns and the
imposition of stricter legislative and
regulatory measures concerning silica
exposure could decrease demands in many
silica markets. Silica sand for use in the
abrasive blast industry was being attacked
as a health   hazard  as marketers of
competing materials, including garnet,
slags, and olivine, pushed the use of their
"safer" abrasive medium.
Development of more efficient mining
and processing methods are expected to
continue. This will enhance development
of lower grade silica sand deposits closer to
markets but not presently mined. Such
developments are expected to increase silica
sand reserves.


'Ives, K. J Water Fil1tia Trouh Guuiar Matri.
Ind. Miner. (land*. May 1993, pp. 41-45.
2Amera Fsauhymen's Society. Moklg Mdiods an
Materials. lot cl., 1962, Des Plains, I, 619 pp.
. Mold &CoT       aetH=AdL lsted.,1978,Des
Plaines, H.. 388 pp.
'American Society for Testing md Mtrials.   Staxd
Clificdtio. of Silica Refaloy Britd   C 416.70 i 1984
A   1sa Bock of ASTM   Stacils: V. 15.01, Refractories,
Maxil~ired Cadto an Giughie Producis; Activated Casdxa.
Phulsdelplhi, PA, 1984, p. 140.
Staiad 1Medods for Chmical Aimyuis of Silia
Refisclories. C S75-70 in 1984 Amnal Bock of ASTM
Stulards: V. 15.01, Refdictodes, Mfacbred Cadxs md
G    oupie Products; Activated Cadxza        IPA, 1984,
pp. 246253.
4AmericanPetroleum lzuifute. Re       dPhuciceal for
TestingSendUsed i kHdz    licFaciurigOpezO ions. 1983, 13
PP.
'Wack citied in fooite 1.
61ngtia Mineds a(      pou). Stucco Uses for Doknitle.
May 1993, p. 89.
7Eili, M. G. NIOSH Re                  e Rcd Coal Dud,
Siica Staucdls. Am. MiL Congrae I., v. 79, No. 9. p. 12.
PChmical Maineting Rqeoter.    Water Act Ciangea a
Silicate Opporlunty. V. 244, No. 12, Sept. 20, 1993, p. 4.
9Ley, MK     U.S. To Reiew Research 11at Suggest
FHergs slauktics lI Carciogen. Wall Sitetl. v. 22, No.
51, Sept. 13, 1994.
"fwe*=, W. Sota Viewpo    . Pit u QuaMy, v. 85,
No. 12, ime 1993, p. 8.
"M~itg Jlu  a a   ld). Silicos  Ik L tob Lwg Cancer.
V. 319, No. 8204, Dec. 18-25, 199Z, p. 429.
Slpp, D. How Saul on a Beach Cane To Be Defined w
Hamm Carcsgen. Wall Stee       . Mar. 22, 1993, pp. Al,
A8.
"'Mining Journal a   n). D*         S s  for Mined
Processi. v. 320, No. 8214. p. 165.
1l%   rl  M    rnes amdon).    Dut RenxW       Frou
Speeclock No. 306. Mar. 1993, p. 77.
"Tiuletrial Minemdls A(oac). Duwt-fiee 1mpyn Froi
EIteccn. No. 311. Aug. 1993, p. 73.
'Gins laty (New You). G7 Ageent May Open
Jqamme Madwt. V. 74, No. 10, Sept. 10, 1993, p. 10.
7lLiLdtil Minems (Ledon). rMC To Cc(tiow Probe an
SiC E   rxpb. No. 313. Oac 1993, p. 18.
'"Gaical M    ketsig Repoter.  Femuiicon
Fad& V. 244, No. 8. p. 9.
No F     ic "oy. V. 244, No. 20, Nov. 11,
1993, p. 9.
19Gb   Ivulty.   lmuimS ilausby Utics Recycled
Glen. V. 74, No. 11, Ot. 1993. p. 27.
20CemniClaxdusby (Son, OH). Silica Demand To Grw.
hJ   1993, p. 17.
21S4ngy,, L R-P RCfis SodiUM CaiixsmweSflicS6e
BLhder. Cla. Maketing Reporer. V. 342, No. 24. p. 25.
n'Gim TIushy (New York). Gia Recycling Rase Taps
33 Percent V. 74, No. 8, Juy 1993, p. 26.
"Kas, T. Euopew Caouialr Glen Inlustry. Id.
Mer. (Lmsk, No. 306, Ma. 1993, pp. 3547.
uki    ial Heng.      New   Ekdranoc hiftwed Saul
Recycling Techuology Promises    i   n       & Economic
Bewfit" for Fouudry Sand laxhay. V. 60, No. 9, Sept. 1993,
pp. 53-55.
2'Kiiskin, M. Huber's New Techiology Aids Tire
Manutctier. Chem. Mbaketing Repoater, v. 244, No. 25,
Dec. 20, 1993, p. 23.
260il and G   oural. Fiber Glass Rei     nocemst Wrap
Gets DOT Nod for Ga-ine Use. V. 91, No. 50, Dec. 13,
1993, p. 46.
'Ralff, J. Radwates May Escape Glss Via New Route.


Sci. News, v. 141, No. 18, May 2, 1993, p. 294.
n5amicalweek   Hoechst PMm  D oeegt Bulier Pi.L
V. 152, No. 12, Mar. 31, 1993, p. 44.
"Ripulr Scime. Beads of Tmlatid  Mar. 1993, p. 42.
nCedic Txb  ey (Sod   OH). Bbnch Dvekp New
Procan. V. 140, No.1, lba. 1993, p. 13.
'Oinm blzhy (New Yac). Sty Prit Grow& in
Mvmued Glas Mateials Thuigh 2000. V. 74, No. 7, ADm
1993, p. 13.
mcesmic lIxhay (SoN%, COH. Fiber-quim Mait To
Grow. V. 141, No. 3, Aug. 1993, p. 12.
. Fiber-qc Maket To Grow m Meico, Soth
Amedca. V. 141, No. 5, Oct. 1993, pp. 18-21.
S3     . FRP Madet Ses Reoavy. V. 141, No. 7,
Dec. 1993, pp. 22-23.
34zheerkag News RecocL Microchip Pift Blonw i
Souhwest. V. 231, No. 9, Aug. 30, 1993, p. 14.
5enrics  Mar -        A. D    en Offer Gow&
in Soditan Silicates. V. 343, No. 14, Apr. 5, 1993. p. 24.
mQ   mical Wee  Mm S   Compth Grow. V. 152, No.
23, Am  16, 1993, p. 75.
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Bureau of Mines Publications
Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.
Mineral Industry Survey, annual.
Other Sources
Ceramics Industry Magazine.
Engineering and Mining Journal.
Glass Intenational Magazine.
Industrial Minerals Magazine.
Pit & Quarry Magazine.
Rock Products Magazine.


INDUSTRIAL SAND AND GRAVEL-1993






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