The results indicate little difference in heavy metal concentrations within
and between the plant
species sampled. Portions of the vegetation from the three samples were combined
to form
composites for the three geographic sectors examined. The values of the composites
compared
reasonably with those of the individual samples. The mean values for all
composite and individual
samples compared reasonably to values reported in the literature for background
levels of these
elements.



Natural concentrations of these heavy metals in soil and plant materials
are indicated in Table 2-12.
Also shown is the range of heavy metal concentrations that cause toxic effects
in plants.
Examination of this table indicates that heavy metals in soils near to and/or
similar to those at the
Crandon site, as well as vegetation from the Crandon site, contain low concentrations
of heavy
metals. The heavy metal levels are well below the concentrations at which
they become toxic to
plants (phytotoxicity).

                                            Table 2-12
                                  Concentrations of Heavy Metals
                                         in Soils and Plants



            Soil                               Soil Conc
Element     Concentration (ppm)                (mg./sq.m.)

Zinc       37.2-54.2 (Antigo Silt Loam)           558-813
           45.7-83.1 (Langlade Silt Loam)    686-1,246
           25-155 (forest soils, US)             375-2,325
           47-131 (soils on glacial till/drift)  705-1,965
Copper    12.1-33.4 (Antigo Silt Loam)      181.5-501
           13.5-47.2 (Langlade Silt Loam)    202.5-708
           25-155 (forest soils, US)             105-2,250
           15-50 (soils on glacial till/drift)  225-750
Lead      9-12 (Antigo Silt Loam)                 135-180
           9-11 (Langlade Silt Loam)              135-165
           10-50 (forest soils, US)               150-225
           10-30 (soils on glacial till/drift)  150-450
Arsenic    1.5-16 (forest soils, US)             22.5-240
           2.1-12 (soils on glacial till/drift)  31.5-180
Manganese 150-1500 (forest soils, US)    2,250-22,500
           200-700 (soils on glacial till/drift)  3,000-10,500

Cadmium   0.180-0.360 (Antigo Silt Loam)      2.7-5.4
           0.170-0.290 (Langlade Silt Loam)    2.5-4.3
           0.5-1.5 (forest soils, US)              7.5-22.5
           0.49-0.61 (soils on glacial till/drift)  7.3-9.1
Chromium 152-1384 (forest soils, US)     2,280-20,760
           12 (mean) (soils on glacial till, Norway)  180



Average
Concentration
in Vegetation (ppm),
Exxon Site

  38.5 (sedge)
  62.3 (red raspberry)
  58.1 (balsam fir)

  9.1 (sedge)
  12.6 (red raspberry)
  9.5 (balsam fir)

  2.6 (sedge)
  3.2 (red raspberry)
  2.5 (balsam fir)

  < 0.01 (all species)

  191.5 (sedge)
  352.2 (red raspberry)
  387.5 (balsam fir)
  0.4 (sedge)
  0.5 (red raspberry)
  0.7 (balsam fir)

  0.5 (sedge)
  1.3 (red raspberry)
  0.1 (balsam fir)



Phytotoxic
Concentration
  (ppm)

    300-400



          50



    100-200



      25-50

 1,500-3,000


         5-8



     75-100



Wildlife
Mammals - Fifty-five species of mammals could occur in the environmental
study area. Thirty-six
species of mammals reside in Forest County and 29 species of mammals were
observed in the
environmental study area.

White-tailed Deer - Regional white-tailed deer populations vary between eight
and 25 deer per square-
Mile. These population levels are similar to those for other forested areas
in northern Wisconsin. The
environmental study area lies within Deer Management Unit 43 (west of State
Highway 55) and Unit 44
(east of State Highway 55). The management goal for these two units is 15
deer per square mile after
hunting harvest. The 1984 deer population estimates for Units 43 and 44 are
24 and 14 deer per square
Mile, respectively. The 1984 harvest was 1,218 deer in Unit 43 and 731 deer
in Unit 44.



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