An overview -- The proscribed bases -- The eleventh amendment -- The civil rights act : an overview -- Individual disparate treatment -- Systemic disparate treatment -- Disparate impact -- Special problems relating to race discrimination -- Special problems relating to sex discrimination -- Special problems relating to national origin discrimination -- Special problems relating to religious discrimination -- Retaliation -- Discrimination by labor unions -- Discrimination by employment agencies -- Title VII procedures : an overview -- Filing and processing charges -- Litigation -- Remedies -- Coverage and jurisdiction -- Types of violations and their proof -- Procedure and remedies -- Section 1981 -- Section 1983 -- Section 1985(3) -- Equal pay act : introduction -- The elements of a violation -- Defenses -- Enforcement -- Executive order 11246 -- An overview of the coverage and enforcement of federal statutes -- The protected class -- The proscribed forms of discrimination and other prohibited conduct -- Proof and defenses